异常值检测各个领域的关键任务之一。PyOD是Python Outlier Detection的缩写，可以简化多变量数据集中识别异常值的过程。在本文中，我们将介绍PyOD包，并通过实际给出详细的代码示例
PyOD简介
PyOD为异常值检测提供了广泛的算法集合，适用于有监督和无监督的场景。无论处理的是带标签的数据还是未带标签的数据，PyOD都提供了一系列技术来满足特定需求。PyOD的突出特性之一是其用户友好的API，使新手和有经验的从业者都可以轻松的访问它。
示例1：kNN
我们从一个简单的例子开始，利用k近邻(kNN)算法进行离群值检测。
首先从PyOD导入必要的模块
from pyod.models.knn import KNN
from pyod.utils.data import generate_data
from pyod.utils.data import evaluate_print
我们生成具有预定义离群率的合成数据来模拟异常值。
contamination = 0.1 # percentage of outliers
n_train = 200 # number of training points
n_test = 100 # number of testing points
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = generate_data(
n_train=n_train, n_test=n_test, contamination=contamination)
初始化kNN检测器，将其与训练数据拟合，并获得离群值预测。
clf_name = 'KNN'
clf = KNN()
clf.fit(X_train)
使用ROC和Precision @ Rank n指标评估训练模型在训练和测试数据集上的性能。
print("\nOn Training Data:")
evaluate_print(clf_name, y_train, clf.decision_scores_)
print("\nOn Test Data:")
evaluate_print(clf_name, y_test, clf.decision_function(X_test))
最后可以使用内置的可视化功能可视化离群检测结果。
from pyod.utils.data import visualize
visualize(clf_name, X_train, y_train, X_test, y_test, clf.labels_,
clf.predict(X_test), show_figure=True, save_figure=False)
这是一个简单的用法示例
示例2 模型集成
异常值检测有时会受到模型不稳定性的影响，特别是在无监督的情况下。所以PyOD提供了模型组合技术来提高鲁棒性。
import numpy as np
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from scipy.io import loadmat
from pyod.models.knn import KNN
from pyod.models.combination import aom, moa, average, maximization, median
from pyod.utils.utility import standardizer
from pyod.utils.data import generate_data
from pyod.utils.data import evaluate_print
X, y = generate_data(train_only=True) # load data
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.4)
# standardizing data for processing
X_train_norm, X_test_norm = standardizer(X_train, X_test)
n_clf = 20 # number of base detectors
# Initialize 20 base detectors for combination
k_list = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140,
150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 200]
train_scores = np.zeros([X_train.shape[0], n_clf])
test_scores = np.zeros([X_test.shape[0], n_clf])
print('Combining {n_clf} kNN detectors'.format(n_clf=n_clf))
for i in range(n_clf):
k = k_list[i]
clf = KNN(n_neighbors=k, method='largest')
clf.fit(X_train_norm)
train_scores[:, i] = clf.decision_scores_
test_scores[:, i] = clf.decision_function(X_test_norm)
# Decision scores have to be normalized before combination
train_scores_norm, test_scores_norm = standardizer(train_scores,
test_scores)
# Combination by average
y_by_average = average(test_scores_norm)
evaluate_print('Combination by Average', y_test, y_by_average)
# Combination by max
y_by_maximization = maximization(test_scores_norm)
evaluate_print('Combination by Maximization', y_test, y_by_maximization)
# Combination by median
y_by_median = median(test_scores_norm)
evaluate_print('Combination by Median', y_test, y_by_median)
# Combination by aom
y_by_aom = aom(test_scores_norm, n_buckets=5)
evaluate_print('Combination by AOM', y_test, y_by_aom)
# Combination by moa
y_by_moa = moa(test_scores_norm, n_buckets=5)
evaluate_print('Combination by MOA', y_test, y_by_moa)
如果上面代码提示错误，需要安装combo包
pip install combo
总结
可以看到，PyOD进行离群值检测是非常方便的，从基本的kNN离群值检测到模型组合，PyOD都提供了一个全面的整合，这使得我们可以轻松高效地处理异常值检测任务。
最后pyod的文档和官网https://pyod.readthedocs.io/en/latest/