流媒体学习之路(WebRTC)——Pacer与GCC(5)
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我正在的github给大家开发一个用于做实验的项目 —— github.com/qw225967/Bifrost
目标:可以让大家熟悉各类Qos能力、带宽估计能力,提供每个环节关键参数调节接口并实现一个json全配置,提供全面的可视化算法观察能力。
欢迎大家使用
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文章目录
在讲具体内容之前插一句嘴,从GCC分析(3)开始,我们将针对GCC的实现细节去分析它设计的原理,让我们理解这些类存在的意义,不再带大家去串具体的流程了。
一、PacingController
1.1 背景介绍
Pacer(Packet Pacing)的作用是在传输数据时能平滑的发送出去,减少对网络冲击和抖动的产生,提高通信质量。在一次数据传输中,如果所有包几乎同时发送,网络就可能会遭遇到冲击,这就可能导致网络拥塞,数据包丢失等问题。为了避免这样的问题,需要通过一个定时器均匀分散发送数据包。
特别是在音视频传输中,PACER更是非常重要的一部分。因为音视频的传输对于网络的稳定性和实时性要求非常高,任何形式的网络抖动或者丢包都会造成音视频的卡顿,延迟等问题。所以在WebRTC中使用Pacer,就是为了使音视频传输更加平滑,减少由于网络抖动造成的影响,从而达到提高实时音视频通信质量的目的。
提到WebRTC的Pacer就需要讲述它码率控制的逻辑:
从GCC输出的码率会设置给编码器以及pacer。pacer并不是完全严格设置多少就发多少,而是留有2.5倍的空间去发送。真正控制发送码率的则是输出给编码器的部分,期望控制编码器的输出码率。同时,pacer还对所有数据设置了优先级,优先级如下:
intGetPriorityForType(RtpPacketToSend::Type type){// Lower number takes priority over higher.switch(type){case RtpPacketToSend::Type::kAudio:// Audio is always prioritized over other packet types.return kFirstPriority +1;case RtpPacketToSend::Type::kRetransmission:// Send retransmissions before new media.return kFirstPriority +2;case RtpPacketToSend::Type::kVideo:case RtpPacketToSend::Type::kForwardErrorCorrection:// Video has "normal" priority, in the old speak.// Send redundancy concurrently to video. If it is delayed it might have a// lower chance of being useful.return kFirstPriority +3;case RtpPacketToSend::Type::kPadding:// Packets that are in themselves likely useless, only sent to keep the// BWE high.return kFirstPriority +4;}}
Pacer之所设计成这样,是因为我们向编码器设置码率之后想要保证丝滑清晰的画面,不可能完全控制输出码率,有时候画面复杂码率就大一些,画面简单码率就小一些。所以Pacer为了保证延迟预留了2.5倍的发送空间,也就是说真正控制码率的位置其实是编码器的输出。
1.2 代码
接下来我看看看pacer的核心代码——PacingController。这个类包含了优先级设置以及发送的逻辑,前面提到了优先级的内容下面只介绍发送逻辑:
voidPacingController::ProcessPackets(){
Timestamp now =CurrentTime();// 当前时间
TimeDelta elapsed_time =UpdateTimeAndGetElapsed(now);// 与上次process的间隔// 发送保活,每500ms发送一个padding包,一旦发送的数据大于拥塞窗口则不发送if(ShouldSendKeepalive(now)){
DataSize keepalive_data_sent =DataSize::Zero();// 产生padding包
std::vector<std::unique_ptr<RtpPacketToSend>> keepalive_packets =
packet_sender_->GeneratePadding(DataSize::bytes(1));for(auto& packet : keepalive_packets){
keepalive_data_sent +=DataSize::bytes(packet->payload_size()+ packet->padding_size());
packet_sender_->SendRtpPacket(std::move(packet),PacedPacketInfo());}OnPaddingSent(keepalive_data_sent);}// 处于暂停直接返回if(paused_)return;// 进入发送间隔开始计算if(elapsed_time >TimeDelta::Zero()){
DataRate target_rate = pacing_bitrate_;
DataSize queue_size_data = packet_queue_.Size();// 队列中有数据才能发送if(queue_size_data >DataSize::Zero()){// Assuming equal size packets and input/output rate, the average packet// has avg_time_left_ms left to get queue_size_bytes out of the queue, if// time constraint shall be met. Determine bitrate needed for that.//
packet_queue_.UpdateQueueTime(CurrentTime());if(drain_large_queues_){// 平均发送时间 = 最大队列时长(2s)- 平均排队时间
TimeDelta avg_time_left =
std::max(TimeDelta::ms(1),
queue_time_limit - packet_queue_.AverageQueueTime());
DataRate min_rate_needed = queue_size_data / avg_time_left;// 最发送码率大于目标码率,则目标码率等于最小需求码率if(min_rate_needed > target_rate){
target_rate = min_rate_needed;RTC_LOG(LS_VERBOSE)<<"bwe:large_pacing_queue pacing_rate_kbps="<< target_rate.kbps();}}}// 设置媒体桶
media_budget_.set_target_rate_kbps(target_rate.kbps());UpdateBudgetWithElapsedTime(elapsed_time);}bool first_packet_in_probe =false;bool is_probing = prober_.IsProbing();
PacedPacketInfo pacing_info;
absl::optional<DataSize> recommended_probe_size;// 正在探测则获取探测数据信息if(is_probing){
pacing_info = prober_.CurrentCluster();
first_packet_in_probe = pacing_info.probe_cluster_bytes_sent ==0;
recommended_probe_size =DataSize::bytes(prober_.RecommendedMinProbeSize());}
DataSize data_sent =DataSize::Zero();// The paused state is checked in the loop since it leaves the critical// section allowing the paused state to be changed from other code.// while(!paused_){if(small_first_probe_packet_ && first_packet_in_probe){// If first packet in probe, insert a small padding packet so we have a// more reliable start window for the rate estimation.// 产生padding包auto padding = packet_sender_->GeneratePadding(DataSize::bytes(1));// If no RTP modules sending media are registered, we may not get a// padding packet back.if(!padding.empty()){// Insert with high priority so larger media packets don't preempt it.EnqueuePacketInternal(std::move(padding[0]), kFirstPriority);// We should never get more than one padding packets with a requested// size of 1 byte.RTC_DCHECK_EQ(padding.size(),1u);}
first_packet_in_probe =false;}// 获取待发送包auto* packet =GetPendingPacket(pacing_info);// 一旦产生不了数据,证明队列为空,则放入padding数据if(packet ==nullptr){// No packet available to send, check if we should send padding.
DataSize padding_to_add =PaddingToAdd(recommended_probe_size, data_sent);if(padding_to_add >DataSize::Zero()){
std::vector<std::unique_ptr<RtpPacketToSend>> padding_packets =
packet_sender_->GeneratePadding(padding_to_add);if(padding_packets.empty()){// No padding packets were generated, quite send loop.break;}for(auto& packet : padding_packets){EnqueuePacket(std::move(packet));}// Continue loop to send the padding that was just added.continue;}// Can't fetch new packet and no padding to send, exit send loop.break;}// 发送数据
std::unique_ptr<RtpPacketToSend> rtp_packet = packet->ReleasePacket();RTC_DCHECK(rtp_packet);
packet_sender_->SendRtpPacket(std::move(rtp_packet), pacing_info);
data_sent += packet->size();// Send succeeded, remove it from the queue.OnPacketSent(packet);if(recommended_probe_size && data_sent >*recommended_probe_size)break;}if(is_probing){
probing_send_failure_ = data_sent ==DataSize::Zero();if(!probing_send_failure_){
prober_.ProbeSent(CurrentTime().ms(), data_sent.bytes());}}}
RoundRobinPacketQueue::QueuedPacket*PacingController::GetPendingPacket(const PacedPacketInfo& pacing_info){if(packet_queue_.Empty()){returnnullptr;}// Since we need to release the lock in order to send, we first pop the// element from the priority queue but keep it in storage, so that we can// reinsert it if send fails.// 取出第一个包
RoundRobinPacketQueue::QueuedPacket* packet = packet_queue_.BeginPop();bool audio_packet = packet->type()== RtpPacketToSend::Type::kAudio;bool apply_pacing =!audio_packet || pace_audio_;// 如果处于拥塞状态或者剩余数据为0则取消弹出if(apply_pacing &&(Congested()||(media_budget_.bytes_remaining()==0&&
pacing_info.probe_cluster_id ==
PacedPacketInfo::kNotAProbe))){
packet_queue_.CancelPop();returnnullptr;}return packet;}
二、IntervalBudget
2.1 背景
PacingController上述用到了IntervalBudget这个类,这个类用于做数据统计和预估。并且它作为一个抽象预估类,并不会真正的存数据,只是做了数据统计,每次排出数据后都按时间更新一次桶的容量,发送时则会把已发送的数据更新到桶数据中。
2.2 代码
头文件:
classIntervalBudget{public:explicitIntervalBudget(int initial_target_rate_kbps);IntervalBudget(int initial_target_rate_kbps,bool can_build_up_underuse);voidset_target_rate_kbps(int target_rate_kbps);// TODO(tschumim): Unify IncreaseBudget and UseBudget to one function.voidIncreaseBudget(int64_t delta_time_ms);voidUseBudget(size_t bytes);
size_t bytes_remaining()const;doublebudget_ratio()const;inttarget_rate_kbps()const;private:int target_rate_kbps_;int64_t max_bytes_in_budget_;int64_t bytes_remaining_;bool can_build_up_underuse_;};
CPP文件:
constexprint64_t kWindowMs =500;}IntervalBudget::IntervalBudget(int initial_target_rate_kbps):IntervalBudget(initial_target_rate_kbps,false){}IntervalBudget::IntervalBudget(int initial_target_rate_kbps,bool can_build_up_underuse):bytes_remaining_(0),can_build_up_underuse_(can_build_up_underuse){set_target_rate_kbps(initial_target_rate_kbps);}voidIntervalBudget::set_target_rate_kbps(int target_rate_kbps){
target_rate_kbps_ = target_rate_kbps;// 默认按500ms计算最大桶码率
max_bytes_in_budget_ =(kWindowMs * target_rate_kbps_)/8;// 计算剩余码率
bytes_remaining_ = std::min(std::max(-max_bytes_in_budget_, bytes_remaining_),
max_bytes_in_budget_);}voidIntervalBudget::IncreaseBudget(int64_t delta_time_ms){// 按时换算桶的码率int64_t bytes = target_rate_kbps_ * delta_time_ms /8;if(bytes_remaining_ <0|| can_build_up_underuse_){// We overused last interval, compensate this interval.// 把当前的码率加上
bytes_remaining_ = std::min(bytes_remaining_ + bytes, max_bytes_in_budget_);}else{// If we underused last interval we can't use it this interval.// 一旦剩余码率为负则重新使用新计算的码率
bytes_remaining_ = std::min(bytes, max_bytes_in_budget_);}}voidIntervalBudget::UseBudget(size_t bytes){// 把使用的数据进行统计
bytes_remaining_ = std::max(bytes_remaining_ -static_cast<int>(bytes),-max_bytes_in_budget_);}
size_t IntervalBudget::bytes_remaining()const{return rtc::saturated_cast<size_t>(std::max<int64_t>(0, bytes_remaining_));}doubleIntervalBudget::budget_ratio()const{if(max_bytes_in_budget_ ==0)return0.0;returnstatic_cast<double>(bytes_remaining_)/ max_bytes_in_budget_;}intIntervalBudget::target_rate_kbps()const{return target_rate_kbps_;}
三、PacedSender
上述的PacingController把具体的发送数据进行具体的计算,WebRTC把发送的逻辑和控制逻辑抽离了出来,其实PacingSender在构造时创建了PacingController并传入了this指针。因此对于PacingController来说PacingSender作为控制器在内部进行了回调。
其他的函数我们不做具体的描述,只介绍定时函数:
int64_tPacedSender::TimeUntilNextProcess(){
rtc::CritScope cs(&critsect_);// When paused we wake up every 500 ms to send a padding packet to ensure// we won't get stuck in the paused state due to no feedback being received.// 从controller中获取间隔
TimeDelta elapsed_time = pacing_controller_.TimeElapsedSinceLastProcess();if(pacing_controller_.IsPaused()){// 最大间隔为500msreturn std::max(PacingController::kPausedProcessInterval - elapsed_time,TimeDelta::Zero()).ms();}auto next_probe = pacing_controller_.TimeUntilNextProbe();if(next_probe){return next_probe->ms();}const TimeDelta min_packet_limit =TimeDelta::ms(5);return std::max(min_packet_limit - elapsed_time,TimeDelta::Zero()).ms();}
四、总结
本文介绍了Pacer相关的内容,但我们的目的是通过Pacer去理解GCC的逻辑,在经过多个版本的迭代,Pacer与GCC的配合已经非常娴熟,同时耦合也是非常严重的:
- 每次Pacer的溢出发送,都需要GCC兜底(GCC的灵敏可以有效地检测到网络的排队,任何一个溢出的数据都能快速的下调码率,在遇到瓶颈带宽的时候出现了明显的锯齿状发送曲线);
- 码率不足与拥塞探测的矛盾(编码器的输出往往会收到一定的限制不可能无线地上涨,在当今环境下很难探测到带宽瓶颈。Pacer的做法是提供Padding的数据作为补充探测,但大部分厂商为了避免流量过度消耗,就把探测的逻辑关闭了。在这方面来看,Pacer真是没有完全听GCC的话);
也正是因为这样,WebRTC的Pacer是GCC的Pacer其他的拥塞算法来了,估计都水土不服,参考BBR被移除可知。
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