【人工智能】Python在机器学习与人工智能中的应用

Python因其简洁易用、丰富的库支持以及强大的社区，被广泛应用于机器学习与人工智能（AI）领域。本教程通过实用的代码示例和讲解，带你从零开始掌握Python在机器学习与人工智能中的基本用法。

1. 机器学习与AI的Python生态系统

Python拥有多种支持机器学习和AI的库，以下是几个核心库：

• NumPy：处理高效数组和矩阵运算。
• Pandas：提供数据操作与分析工具。
• Matplotlib/Seaborn：用于数据可视化。
• Scikit-learn：机器学习的核心库，包含分类、回归、聚类等算法。
• TensorFlow/PyTorch：深度学习框架，用于构建和训练神经网络。

安装：

pip install numpy pandas matplotlib scikit-learn tensorflow

2. 数据预处理

加载数据

import pandas as pd

# 示例数据
data = pd.DataFrame({
    'Feature1': [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
    'Feature2': [5, 4, 3, 2, 1],
    'Target': [1, 0, 1, 0, 1]
})

print(data)

输出：

   Feature1  Feature2  Target
0         1         5       1
1         2         4       0
2         3         3       1
3         4         2       0
4         5         1       1

特征缩放

归一化或标准化数据有助于提升模型性能。

import pandas as pd
from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler

data = pd.DataFrame({
    'Feature1': [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
    'Feature2': [5, 4, 3, 2, 1],
    'Target': [1, 0, 1, 0, 1]
})

scaler = MinMaxScaler()
scaled_features = scaler.fit_transform(data[['Feature1', 'Feature2']])
print(scaled_features)

输出：

[[0.   1.  ]
 [0.25 0.75]
 [0.5  0.5 ]
 [0.75 0.25]
 [1.   0.  ]]

3. 数据可视化

利用

Matplotlib

和

Seaborn

绘制数据分布图。

import pandas as pd
from sklearn.preprocessing import MinMaxScaler
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns

data = pd.DataFrame({
    'Feature1': [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
    'Feature2': [5, 4, 3, 2, 1],
    'Target': [1, 0, 1, 0, 1]
})

scaler = MinMaxScaler()
scaled_features = scaler.fit_transform(data[['Feature1', 'Feature2']])
print(scaled_features)

# 散点图
sns.scatterplot(x='Feature1', y='Feature2', hue='Target', data=data)
plt.title('Feature Scatter Plot')
plt.show()

4. 构建第一个机器学习模型

使用

Scikit-learn

实现分类模型。

拆分数据

import pandas as pd
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

data = pd.DataFrame({
    'Feature1': [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
    'Feature2': [5, 4, 3, 2, 1],
    'Target': [1, 0, 1, 0, 1]
})

X = data[['Feature1', 'Feature2']]
y = data['Target']

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)

print('X_train:')
print(X_train)
print('X_test:')
print(X_test)
print('y_train:')
print(y_train)
print('y_test:')
print(y_test)

X_train:
   Feature1  Feature2
4         5         1
2         3         3
0         1         5
3         4         2

X_test:
   Feature1  Feature2
1         2         4

y_train:
4    1
2    1
0    1
3    0
Name: Target, dtype: int64

y_test:
1    0
Name: Target, dtype: int64

训练模型

import pandas as pd
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
from sklearn.metrics import accuracy_score

data = pd.DataFrame({
    'Feature1': [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
    'Feature2': [5, 4, 3, 2, 1],
    'Target': [1, 0, 1, 0, 1]
})

X = data[['Feature1', 'Feature2']]
y = data['Target']

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)

# 随机森林分类器
model = RandomForestClassifier()
model.fit(X_train, y_train)

# 预测
y_pred = model.predict(X_test)
print("Accuracy:", accuracy_score(y_test, y_pred))

Accuracy: 0.0

5. 深度学习与神经网络

构建一个简单的神经网络进行分类任务。

安装TensorFlow

conda install tensorflow

如果安装遇到Could not solve for environment spec错误，请先执行以下命令

conda create -n tf_env python=3.8
conda activate tf_env   

构建模型

import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Dense

# 构建神经网络
model = Sequential([
    Dense(8, input_dim=2, activation='relu'),
    Dense(4, activation='relu'),
    Dense(1, activation='sigmoid')
])

编译与训练

model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='binary_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'])
model.fit(X_train, y_train, epochs=50, batch_size=1, verbose=1)

评估模型

loss, accuracy = model.evaluate(X_test, y_test)
print("Loss:", loss)
print("Accuracy:", accuracy)

完整代码

import pandas as pd
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
import tensorflow as tf
from tensorflow.keras.models import Sequential
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Dense

data = pd.DataFrame({
    'Feature1': [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],
    'Feature2': [5, 4, 3, 2, 1],
    'Target': [1, 0, 1, 0, 1]
})

X = data[['Feature1', 'Feature2']]
y = data['Target']

X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)

# 构建神经网络
model = Sequential([
    Dense(8, input_dim=2, activation='relu'),
    Dense(4, activation='relu'),
    Dense(1, activation='sigmoid')
])

model.compile(optimizer='adam', loss='binary_crossentropy', metrics=['accuracy'])
model.fit(X_train, y_train, epochs=50, batch_size=1, verbose=1)

loss, accuracy = model.evaluate(X_test, y_test)
print("Loss:", loss)
print("Accuracy:", accuracy)

输出：

Epoch 1/50
4/4 [==============================] - 1s 1ms/step - loss: 0.6867 - accuracy: 0.5000
Epoch 2/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.6493 - accuracy: 0.5000
Epoch 3/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.6183 - accuracy: 0.5000
Epoch 4/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 665us/step - loss: 0.5920 - accuracy: 0.5000
Epoch 5/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 1ms/step - loss: 0.5702 - accuracy: 0.5000
Epoch 6/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.5612 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 7/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 998us/step - loss: 0.5405 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 8/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 665us/step - loss: 0.5223 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 9/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 1ms/step - loss: 0.5047 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 10/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 665us/step - loss: 0.4971 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 11/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.4846 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 12/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.4762 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 13/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 665us/step - loss: 0.4753 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 14/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.4623 - accuracy: 1.0000
Epoch 15/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 998us/step - loss: 0.4563 - accuracy: 1.0000
Epoch 16/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 998us/step - loss: 0.4530 - accuracy: 1.0000
Epoch 17/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.4469 - accuracy: 1.0000
Epoch 18/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.4446 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 19/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 665us/step - loss: 0.4385 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 20/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 998us/step - loss: 0.4355 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 21/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.4349 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 22/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 665us/step - loss: 0.4290 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 23/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.4270 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 24/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.4250 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 25/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 665us/step - loss: 0.4218 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 26/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.4192 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 27/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.4184 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 28/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 665us/step - loss: 0.4152 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 29/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.4129 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 30/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.4111 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 31/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.4095 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 32/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.4070 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 33/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.4053 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 34/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.4033 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 35/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 998us/step - loss: 0.4028 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 36/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.3998 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 37/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 1ms/step - loss: 0.3978 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 38/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.3966 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 39/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 665us/step - loss: 0.3946 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 40/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.3926 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 41/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.3918 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 42/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.3898 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 43/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.3877 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 44/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.3861 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 45/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 665us/step - loss: 0.3842 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 46/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 665us/step - loss: 0.3830 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 47/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.3815 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 48/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 665us/step - loss: 0.3790 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 49/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 665us/step - loss: 0.3778 - accuracy: 0.7500
Epoch 50/50
4/4 [==============================] - 0s 997us/step - loss: 0.3768 - accuracy: 0.7500
1/1 [==============================] - 0s 277ms/step - loss: 2.8638 - accuracy: 0.0000e+00
Loss: 2.863826274871826
Accuracy: 0.0

6. 数据聚类

实现一个K-Means聚类模型：

from sklearn.cluster import KMeans

# 数据
data_points = [[1, 2], [2, 3], [3, 4], [8, 7], [9, 8], [10, 9]]

# K-Means
kmeans = KMeans(n_clusters=2)
kmeans.fit(data_points)

# 输出聚类中心
print("Cluster Centers:", kmeans.cluster_centers_)

输出：

Cluster Centers: [[9. 8.]
 [2. 3.]]

7. 自然语言处理 (NLP)

使用

NLTK

处理文本数据：

pip install nltk

文本分词

import nltk

nltk.download('punkt_tab')
nltk.download('punkt')

from nltk.tokenize import word_tokenize

text = "Machine learning is amazing!"
tokens = word_tokenize(text)
print(tokens)

输出：

['Machine', 'learning', 'is', 'amazing', '!']

词袋模型

from sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer

texts = ["I love Python", "Python is great for AI"]
vectorizer = CountVectorizer()
X = vectorizer.fit_transform(texts)

print(X.toarray())

输出：

[[0 0 0 0 1 1]
 [1 1 1 1 0 1]]

8. 实用案例：房价预测

from sklearn.datasets import fetch_california_housing
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression
from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error

# 加载数据集
data = fetch_california_housing(as_frame=True)
X = data.data
y = data.target

# 数据拆分
X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=42)

# 模型训练
model = LinearRegression()
model.fit(X_train, y_train)

# 预测
y_pred = model.predict(X_test)
print("Model Coefficients:", model.coef_)

# 评估
mse = mean_squared_error(y_test, y_pred)
print(f"Mean Squared Error: {mse}")

输出：

Model Coefficients: [ 4.48674910e-01  9.72425752e-03 -1.23323343e-01  7.83144907e-01
 -2.02962058e-06 -3.52631849e-03 -4.19792487e-01 -4.33708065e-01]
Mean Squared Error: 0.5558915986952442

总结

本教程涵盖了Python在机器学习和人工智能领域的基础应用，从数据预处理、可视化到模型构建和评估，再到深度学习的基本实现。通过这些示例，你可以逐步掌握如何使用Python进行机器学习和AI项目开发。