总结Nginx的安装、配置与设置开机自启

在Ubuntu下安装Nginx有以下方法，但是如果想要安装最新版本的就必须下载源码包编译安装。

一、Nginx安装

1、基于APT源安装

sudo apt-get install nginx

安装好的文件位置：

/usr/sbin/nginx：主程序

/etc/nginx：存放配置文件

/usr/share/nginx：存放静态文件

/var/log/nginx：存放日志

从上面的根目录文件夹可以知道：

Linux系统的配置文件一般放在/etc，日志一般放在/var/log，运行的程序一般放在/usr/sbin或者/usr/bin。

当然，如果要更清楚Nginx的配置项放在什么地方，可以打开/etc/nginx/nginx.conf

Nginx如果指定默认加载/etc/nginx/nginx.conf的配置文件。如果要查看加载的是哪个配置文件，可以用这个命令sudo nginx -t（检查语法是否正确）或者ps -ef | grep nginx

然后通过这种方式安装的，会自动创建服务，会自动在/etc/init.d/nginx新建服务脚本，然后就可以使用

sudo nginx -s {start|stop|restart|reload|force-reload|status|configtest|rotate|upgrade}

的命令执行相关操作。

2、通过源码包编译安装

这种方式可以自定安装指定的模块以及最新的版本。方式更灵活。

官方下载页面：nginx: download

configure配置文件详解：Building nginx from Sources

安装gcc g++的依赖库

sudo apt-get install build-essential
sudo apt-get install libtool

安装pcre依赖库（http://www.pcre.org/）

sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install libpcre3 libpcre3-dev

安装zlib依赖库（http://www.zlib.net）

sudo apt-get install zlib1g-dev

安装SSL依赖库

sudo apt-get install openssl

安装Nginx

#下载最新版本：
wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.13.6.tar.gz
#解压：
tar -zxvf nginx-1.13.6.tar.gz
#进入解压目录：
cd nginx-1.13.6
#配置：
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/nginx 
#编译：
make
#安装：
sudo make install
#启动：
sudo /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
注意：-c 指定配置文件的路径，不加的话，nginx会自动加载默认路径的配置文件，可以通过-h查看帮助命令。
#查看进程：
ps -ef | grep nginx

配置软链接

sudo ln -s /usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx /usr/bin/nginx

现在就可以不用路径直接输入nginx启动。

二、配置开机启动服务

1、方法一：

在/etc/init.d/下创建nginx文件，sudo vim /etc/init.d/nginx，内容如下：

#!/bin/sh

### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:      nginx
# Required-Start:    $local_fs $remote_fs $network $syslog $named
# Required-Stop:     $local_fs $remote_fs $network $syslog $named
# Default-Start:     2 3 4 5
# Default-Stop:      0 1 6
# Short-Description: starts the nginx web server
# Description:       starts nginx using start-stop-daemon
### END INIT INFO

PATH=/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
DAEMON=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx
NAME=nginx
DESC=nginx

# Include nginx defaults if available
if [ -r /etc/default/nginx ]; then
    . /etc/default/nginx
fi

STOP_SCHEDULE="${STOP_SCHEDULE:-QUIT/5/TERM/5/KILL/5}"

test -x $DAEMON || exit 0

. /lib/init/vars.sh
. /lib/lsb/init-functions

# Try to extract nginx pidfile
PID=$(cat /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf | grep -Ev '^\s*#' | awk 'BEGIN { RS="[;{}]" } { if ($1 == "pid") print $2 }' | head -n1)
if [ -z "$PID" ]; then
    PID=/run/nginx.pid
fi

if [ -n "$ULIMIT" ]; then
    # Set ulimit if it is set in /etc/default/nginx
    ulimit $ULIMIT
fi

start_nginx() {
    # Start the daemon/service
    #
    # Returns:
    #   0 if daemon has been started
    #   1 if daemon was already running
    #   2 if daemon could not be started
    start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --pidfile $PID --exec $DAEMON --test > /dev/null \
        || return 1
    start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --pidfile $PID --exec $DAEMON -- \
        $DAEMON_OPTS 2>/dev/null \
        || return 2
}

test_config() {
    # Test the nginx configuration
    $DAEMON -t $DAEMON_OPTS >/dev/null 2>&1
}

stop_nginx() {
    # Stops the daemon/service
    #
    # Return
    #   0 if daemon has been stopped
    #   1 if daemon was already stopped
    #   2 if daemon could not be stopped
    #   other if a failure occurred
    start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --retry=$STOP_SCHEDULE --pidfile $PID --name $NAME
    RETVAL="$?"
    sleep 1
    return "$RETVAL"
}

reload_nginx() {
    # Function that sends a SIGHUP to the daemon/service
    start-stop-daemon --stop --signal HUP --quiet --pidfile $PID --name $NAME
    return 0
}

rotate_logs() {
    # Rotate log files
    start-stop-daemon --stop --signal USR1 --quiet --pidfile $PID --name $NAME
    return 0
}

upgrade_nginx() {
    # Online upgrade nginx executable
    # http://nginx.org/en/docs/control.html
    #
    # Return
    #   0 if nginx has been successfully upgraded
    #   1 if nginx is not running
    #   2 if the pid files were not created on time
    #   3 if the old master could not be killed
    if start-stop-daemon --stop --signal USR2 --quiet --pidfile $PID --name $NAME; then
        # Wait for both old and new master to write their pid file
        while [ ! -s "${PID}.oldbin" ] || [ ! -s "${PID}" ]; do
            cnt=`expr $cnt + 1`
            if [ $cnt -gt 10 ]; then
                return 2
            fi
            sleep 1
        done
        # Everything is ready, gracefully stop the old master
        if start-stop-daemon --stop --signal QUIT --quiet --pidfile "${PID}.oldbin" --name $NAME; then
            return 0
        else
            return 3
        fi
    else
        return 1
    fi
}

case "$1" in
    start)
        log_daemon_msg "Starting $DESC" "$NAME"
        start_nginx
        case "$?" in
            0|1) log_end_msg 0 ;;
            2)   log_end_msg 1 ;;
        esac
        ;;
    stop)
        log_daemon_msg "Stopping $DESC" "$NAME"
        stop_nginx
        case "$?" in
            0|1) log_end_msg 0 ;;
            2)   log_end_msg 1 ;;
        esac
        ;;
    restart)
        log_daemon_msg "Restarting $DESC" "$NAME"

        # Check configuration before stopping nginx
        if ! test_config; then
            log_end_msg 1 # Configuration error
            exit $?
        fi

        stop_nginx
        case "$?" in
            0|1)
                start_nginx
                case "$?" in
                    0) log_end_msg 0 ;;
                    1) log_end_msg 1 ;; # Old process is still running
                    *) log_end_msg 1 ;; # Failed to start
                esac
                ;;
            *)
                # Failed to stop
                log_end_msg 1
                ;;
        esac
        ;;
    reload|force-reload)
        log_daemon_msg "Reloading $DESC configuration" "$NAME"

        # Check configuration before stopping nginx
        #
        # This is not entirely correct since the on-disk nginx binary
        # may differ from the in-memory one, but that's not common.
        # We prefer to check the configuration and return an error
        # to the administrator.
        if ! test_config; then
            log_end_msg 1 # Configuration error
            exit $?
        fi

        reload_nginx
        log_end_msg $?
        ;;
    configtest|testconfig)
        log_daemon_msg "Testing $DESC configuration"
        test_config
        log_end_msg $?
        ;;
    status)
        status_of_proc -p $PID "$DAEMON" "$NAME" && exit 0 || exit $?
        ;;
    upgrade)
        log_daemon_msg "Upgrading binary" "$NAME"
        upgrade_nginx
        log_end_msg $?
        ;;
    rotate)
        log_daemon_msg "Re-opening $DESC log files" "$NAME"
        rotate_logs
        log_end_msg $?
        ;;
    *)
        echo "Usage: $NAME {start|stop|restart|reload|force-reload|status|configtest|rotate|upgrade}" >&2
        exit 3
        ;;
esac

#设置服务脚本有执行权限
sudo chmod +x /etc/init.d/nginx
#注册服务
cd /etc/init.d/
sudo update-rc.d nginx defaults

2、方法二：

在/usr/lib/systemd/system目录下新建nginx.service文件，内容如下

[Unit]
Description=nginx - high performance web server
After=network.target remote-fs.target nss-lookup.target

[Service]
Type=forking
ExecStart=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -c /usr/local/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
ExecReload=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s reload
ExecStop=/usr/local/nginx/sbin/nginx -s stop

[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

脚本解释：

Unit:服务的启动顺序和依赖关系
Description：对该服务的描述；
After：在b.target服务组启动后，再启动本服务；
Service:服务具体执行的方式
ExecStart,ExecStop,ExecReload等：启动命令组，分别是服务启动时，停止时，重启时，启动前，启动后，停止后执行的命令；
Type：服务启动类型。默认simple表示ExecStart为主进程，notify类似于simple，启动结束后会发出通知信号。另外还有forking,oneshot,dbus,idle等类型；
Install:把服务放在哪个服务组
WantedBy：服务所在的服务组。

更多请参考 systemd的.service服务文件配置

设置开机自启动并启动nginx

设置开机自启动：

systemctl enable nginx.service
查看是否正确启动：

systemctl list-unit-files |grep nginx

看下如下图就成功启动了

启动Nginx：

systemctl start nginx.service

其他常用命令：
开启开机自启动：systemctl enable nginx.service
停止开机自启动 : systemctl disable nginx.service
启动 nginx 服务 : systemctl start nginx.service
停止 nginx 服务 : systemctl stop nginx.service
重启 nginx 服务 : systemctl restart nginx.service
查看服务当前状态 : systemctl status nginx.service
查看所有已启动的服务 : systemctl list-units --type=service

三、需要注意问题：

nginx.conf中，设置以下几个参数，增加超时时间

fastcgi_connect_timeout
fastcgi连接超时时间，默认60秒

fastcgi_send_timeout
nginx 进程向 fastcgi 进程发送请求过程的超时时间，默认值60秒

fastcgi_read_timeout
fastcgi 进程向 nginx 进程发送输出过程的超时时间，默认值60秒

上传超过1M大的客户端文件无法正常上传，nginx直接报错，上传文件太大，修改了下nginx的配置，就可以了。
client_max_body_size 10M;

四、nginx示例：

user root;
worker_processes auto;
pid /run/nginx.pid;
include /etc/nginx/modules-enabled/*.conf;

events {
    worker_connections 768;
    # multi_accept on;
}

http {

    ##
    # Basic Settings
    ##

    sendfile on;
    tcp_nopush on;
    tcp_nodelay on;
    keepalive_timeout 65;
    types_hash_max_size 2048;
    # server_tokens off;

    # server_names_hash_bucket_size 64;
    # server_name_in_redirect off;

    include /etc/nginx/mime.types;
    default_type application/octet-stream;
    client_max_body_size 100m;

    ##
    # SSL Settings
    ##

    ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2; # Dropping SSLv3, ref: POODLE
    ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;

    ##
    # Logging Settings
    ##

    access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log;
    error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;

    ##
    # Gzip Settings
    ##

    gzip on;
    server {
        listen       80;
        server_name  172.16.xxx.xxx;
        fastcgi_buffers 8 128k;

        # 将该服务下的所有请求实体的大小限制为1024m
        client_max_body_size 1024m;

        #charset koi8-r;

        #access_log  logs/host.access.log  main;
        charset UTF-8;
        #access_log      /var/log/nginx/nginx_access.log;
        #error_log       /var/log/nginx/nginx_error.log;

        # 静态资源配置
        location /xxxx {
            add_header 'Access-Control-Allow-Origin' '*';
            alias  /root/app/panoramademo/static;
        }

        # 路由配置
        location /xxx_app/{
            #limit_req zone=one burst=5;
            include uwsgi_params;
            uwsgi_pass 172.16.xxx.xxx:8002;
            uwsgi_send_timeout 100;
            uwsgi_connect_timeout 100;
            uwsgi_read_timeout 100;
         }
        

    }

    # gzip_vary on;
    # gzip_proxied any;
    # gzip_comp_level 6;
    # gzip_buffers 16 8k;
    # gzip_http_version 1.1;
    # gzip_types text/plain text/css application/json application/javascript text/xml application/xml application/xml+rss text/javascript;

    ##
    # Virtual Host Configs
    ##

    include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
    include /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/*;
}

#mail {
#    # See sample authentication script at:
#    # http://wiki.nginx.org/ImapAuthenticateWithApachePhpScript
# 
#    # auth_http localhost/auth.php;
#    # pop3_capabilities "TOP" "USER";
#    # imap_capabilities "IMAP4rev1" "UIDPLUS";
# 
#    server {
#        listen     localhost:110;
#        protocol   pop3;
#        proxy      on;
#    }
# 
#    server {
#        listen     localhost:143;
#        protocol   imap;
#        proxy      on;
#    }
#}