RabbitMQ的5种消息队列

RabbitMQ的5种消息队列

1、七种模式介绍与应用场景

1.1 简单模式(Hello World)

一个生产者对应一个消费者，RabbitMQ 相当于一个消息代理，负责将 A 的消息转发给 B。

应用场景：将发送的电子邮件放到消息队列，然后邮件服务在队列中获取邮件并发送给收件人。

1.2 工作队列模式(Work queues)

在多个消费者之间分配任务(竞争的消费者模式)，一个生产者对应多个消费者，一般适用于执行资源密集型任务，

单个消费者处理不过来，需要多个消费者进行处理。

应用场景：一个订单的处理需要10s，有多个订单可以同时放到消息队列，然后让多个消费者同时处理，这样就是

并行了，而不是单个消费者的串行情况。

1.3 订阅模式(Publish/Subscribe)

一次向许多消费者发送消息，一个生产者发送的消息会被多个消费者获取，也就是将消息将广播到所有的消费者

中。

应用场景：更新商品库存后需要通知多个缓存和多个数据库，这里的结构应该是：

• 一个 fanout 类型交换机扇出两个个消息队列，分别为缓存消息队列、数据库消息队列
• 一个缓存消息队列对应着多个缓存消费者
• 一个数据库消息队列对应着多个数据库消费者

1.4 路由模式(Routing)

有选择地 (Routing key) 接收消息，发送消息到交换机并且要指定路由 key，消费者将队列绑定到交换机时需要指

定路由 key，仅消费指定路由 key 的消息。

应用场景：如在商品库存中增加了 1 台 iphone12，iphone12 促销活动消费者指定 routing key 为 iphone12，只

有此促销活动会接收到消息，其它促销活动不关心也不会消费此 routing key 的消息。

1.5 主题模式(Topics)

根据主题 (Topics) 来接收消息，将路由 key 和某模式进行匹配，此时队列需要绑定在一个模式上，

#

匹配一个词

或多个词，

*

只匹配一个词。

应用场景：同上 iphone 促销活动可以接收主题为 iphone 的消息，如 iphone12、iphone13 等。

1.6 远程过程调用(RPC)

如果我们需要在远程计算机上运行功能并等待结果就可以使用 RPC，具体流程可以看图。

应用场景：需要等待接口返回数据，如订单支付。

1.7 发布者确认(Publisher Confirms)

与发布者进行可靠的发布确认，发布者确认是 RabbitMQ 扩展，可以实现可靠的发布。在通道上启用发布者确认

后，RabbitMQ 将异步确认发送者发布的消息，这意味着它们已在服务器端处理。

应用场景：对于消息可靠性要求较高，比如钱包扣款。

2、代码演示

<dependency><groupId>com.rabbitmq</groupId><artifactId>amqp-client</artifactId><version>5.6.0</version></dependency>

2.1 简单模式

packagesimple;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Channel;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Connection;importcom.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;importjava.io.IOException;importjava.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;publicclassSender{privatefinalstaticStringQUEUE_NAME="simple_queue";publicstaticvoidmain(String[] args)throwsIOException,TimeoutException{ConnectionFactory factory =newConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        factory.setPort(5672);Connection connection = factory.newConnection();Channel channel = connection.createChannel();// 声明队列// queue: 队列名// durable: 是否持久化// exclusive: 是否排外,即只允许该channel访问该队列,一般等于true的话用于一个队列只能有一个消费者来消费的场景// autoDelete: 是否自动删除,消费完删除// arguments: 其他属性
        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME,false,false,false,null);// 消息内容String message ="simplest mode message";
        channel.basicPublish("",QUEUE_NAME,null, message.getBytes());System.out.println("[x]Sent '"+ message +"'");// 最后关闭通关和连接
        channel.close();
        connection.close();}}

packagesimple;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Channel;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Connection;importcom.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;importcom.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;importjava.io.IOException;importjava.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;publicclassReceiver{privatefinalstaticStringQUEUE_NAME="simple_queue";publicstaticvoidmain(String[] args)throwsIOException,TimeoutException{// 获取连接ConnectionFactory factory =newConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        factory.setPort(5672);Connection connection = factory.newConnection();Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME,false,false,false,null);DeliverCallback deliverCallback =(consumerTag, delivery)->{String message =newString(delivery.getBody(),"UTF-8");System.out.println(" [x] Received '"+ delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey()+"':'"+ message +"'");};
        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME,true, deliverCallback, consumerTag ->{});}}

[x]Sent 'simplest mode message'

[x] Received 'simple_queue':'simplest mode message'

2.2 工作队列模式

packagework;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Channel;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Connection;importcom.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;importcom.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;importjava.io.IOException;importjava.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;publicclassReceiver1{privatefinalstaticStringQUEUE_NAME="queue_work";publicstaticvoidmain(String[] args)throwsIOException,TimeoutException{ConnectionFactory factory =newConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        factory.setPort(5672);Connection connection = factory.newConnection();Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME,false,false,false,null);// 同一时刻服务器只会发送一条消息给消费者
        channel.basicQos(1);DeliverCallback deliverCallback =(consumerTag, delivery)->{String message =newString(delivery.getBody(),"UTF-8");System.out.println(" [x-1] Received '"+ delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey()+"':'"+ message +"'");};
        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME,true, deliverCallback, consumerTag ->{});}}

packagework;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Channel;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Connection;importcom.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;importcom.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;importjava.io.IOException;importjava.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;publicclassReceiver2{privatefinalstaticStringQUEUE_NAME="queue_work";publicstaticvoidmain(String[] args)throwsIOException,TimeoutException{ConnectionFactory factory =newConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        factory.setPort(5672);Connection connection = factory.newConnection();Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME,false,false,false,null);// 同一时刻服务器只会发送一条消息给消费者
        channel.basicQos(1);DeliverCallback deliverCallback =(consumerTag, delivery)->{String message =newString(delivery.getBody(),"UTF-8");System.out.println(" [x-2] Received '"+ delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey()+"':'"+ message +"'");};
        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME,true, deliverCallback, consumerTag ->{});}}

packagework;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Channel;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Connection;importcom.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;importjava.io.IOException;importjava.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;publicclassSender{privatefinalstaticStringQUEUE_NAME="queue_work";publicstaticvoidmain(String[] args)throwsIOException,InterruptedException,TimeoutException{ConnectionFactory factory =newConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        factory.setPort(5672);Connection connection = factory.newConnection();Channel channel = connection.createChannel();// 声明队列
        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME,false,false,false,null);for(int i =0; i <10; i++){String message ="work mode message"+ i;
            channel.basicPublish("",QUEUE_NAME,null, message.getBytes());System.out.println("[x] Sent '"+ message +"'");Thread.sleep(i *10);}
        channel.close();
        connection.close();}}

[x] Sent 'work mode message0'
[x] Sent 'work mode message1'
[x] Sent 'work mode message2'
[x] Sent 'work mode message3'
[x] Sent 'work mode message4'
[x] Sent 'work mode message5'
[x] Sent 'work mode message6'
[x] Sent 'work mode message7'
[x] Sent 'work mode message8'
[x] Sent 'work mode message9'

[x-1] Received 'queue_work':'work mode message0'
[x-1] Received 'queue_work':'work mode message2'
[x-1] Received 'queue_work':'work mode message4'
[x-1] Received 'queue_work':'work mode message6'
[x-1] Received 'queue_work':'work mode message8'
 
[x-2] Received 'queue_work':'work mode message1'
[x-2] Received 'queue_work':'work mode message3'
[x-2] Received 'queue_work':'work mode message5'
[x-2] Received 'queue_work':'work mode message7'
[x-2] Received 'queue_work':'work mode message9'

2.3 发布订阅模式

packagepublishsubscribe;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Channel;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Connection;importcom.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;importcom.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;publicclassReceive1{privatestaticfinalStringEXCHANGE_NAME="logs";publicstaticvoidmain(String[] argv)throwsException{ConnectionFactory factory =newConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");Connection connection = factory.newConnection();Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
        channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME,"fanout");String queueName = channel.queueDeclare().getQueue();
        channel.queueBind(queueName,EXCHANGE_NAME,"");System.out.println(" [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C");// 订阅消息的回调函数DeliverCallback deliverCallback =(consumerTag, delivery)->{String message =newString(delivery.getBody(),"UTF-8");System.out.println(" [x-1] Received '"+ message +"'");};// 消费者，有消息时出发订阅回调函数
        channel.basicConsume(queueName,true, deliverCallback, consumerTag ->{});}}

packagepublishsubscribe;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Channel;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Connection;importcom.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;importcom.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;publicclassReceive2{privatestaticfinalStringEXCHANGE_NAME="logs";publicstaticvoidmain(String[] argv)throwsException{ConnectionFactory factory =newConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");Connection connection = factory.newConnection();Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
        channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME,"fanout");String queueName = channel.queueDeclare().getQueue();
        channel.queueBind(queueName,EXCHANGE_NAME,"");System.out.println(" [*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C");// 订阅消息的回调函数DeliverCallback deliverCallback =(consumerTag, delivery)->{String message =newString(delivery.getBody(),"UTF-8");System.out.println(" [x-2] Received2 '"+ message +"'");};// 消费者，有消息时出发订阅回调函数
        channel.basicConsume(queueName,true, deliverCallback, consumerTag ->{});}}

packagepublishsubscribe;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Channel;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Connection;importcom.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;publicclassSender{privatestaticfinalStringEXCHANGE_NAME="logs";publicstaticvoidmain(String[] argv)throwsException{ConnectionFactory factory =newConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");Connection connection = factory.newConnection();Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
        channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME,"fanout");String message ="publish subscribe message";
        channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME,"",null, message.getBytes("UTF-8"));System.out.println(" [x] Sent '"+ message +"'");
        channel.close();
        connection.close();}}

[x] Sent 'publish subscribe message'

[*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C
[x-1] Received 'publish subscribe message'
 
[*] Waiting for messages. To exit press CTRL+C
[x-2] Received2 'publish subscribe message'

2.4 路由模式

packagerouter;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Channel;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Connection;importcom.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;importcom.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;importjava.io.IOException;importjava.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;publicclassReceiver1{privatefinalstaticStringQUEUE_NAME="queue_routing";privatefinalstaticStringEXCHANGE_NAME="exchange_direct";publicstaticvoidmain(String[] args)throwsIOException,TimeoutException{ConnectionFactory factory =newConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        factory.setPort(5672);Connection connection = factory.newConnection();Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME,false,false,false,null);// 指定路由的key,接收key和key2
        channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME,EXCHANGE_NAME,"key");
        channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME,EXCHANGE_NAME,"key2");
        channel.basicQos(1);DeliverCallback deliverCallback =(consumerTag, delivery)->{String message =newString(delivery.getBody(),"UTF-8");System.out.println(" [x-1] Received '"+ delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey()+"':'"+ message +"'");};
        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME,true, deliverCallback, consumerTag ->{});}}

packagerouter;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Channel;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Connection;importcom.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;importcom.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;importjava.io.IOException;importjava.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;publicclassReceiver2{privatefinalstaticStringQUEUE_NAME="queue_routing2";privatefinalstaticStringEXCHANGE_NAME="exchange_direct";publicstaticvoidmain(String[] args)throwsIOException,TimeoutException{ConnectionFactory factory =newConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        factory.setPort(5672);Connection connection = factory.newConnection();Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME,false,false,false,null);// 仅接收key2
        channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME,EXCHANGE_NAME,"key2");
        channel.basicQos(1);DeliverCallback deliverCallback =(consumerTag, delivery)->{String message =newString(delivery.getBody(),"UTF-8");System.out.println(" [x-2] Received '"+
                    delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey()+"':'"+ message +"'");};
        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME,true, deliverCallback, consumerTag ->{});}}

packagerouter;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Channel;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Connection;importcom.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;importjava.io.IOException;importjava.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;publicclassSender{privatefinalstaticStringEXCHANGE_NAME="exchange_direct";privatefinalstaticStringEXCHANGE_TYPE="direct";publicstaticvoidmain(String[] args)throwsIOException,TimeoutException{ConnectionFactory factory =newConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        factory.setPort(5672);Connection connection = factory.newConnection();Channel channel = connection.createChannel();// 交换机声明
        channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME,EXCHANGE_TYPE);// 只有routingKey相同的才会消费String message ="routing mode message";
        channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME,"key2",null, message.getBytes());System.out.println("[x] Sent '"+ message +"'");// channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME, "key", null, message.getBytes());// System.out.println("[x] Sent '" + message + "'");
        channel.close();
        connection.close();}}

[x] Sent 'routing mode message'

[x-1] Received 'key2':'routing mode message'

[x-2] Received 'key2':'routing mode message'

2.5 主题模式

packagetopic;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Channel;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Connection;importcom.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;importcom.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;importjava.io.IOException;importjava.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;publicclassReceiver1{privatefinalstaticStringQUEUE_NAME="queue_topic";privatefinalstaticStringEXCHANGE_NAME="exchange_topic";publicstaticvoidmain(String[] args)throwsIOException,InterruptedException,TimeoutException{ConnectionFactory factory =newConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        factory.setPort(5672);Connection connection = factory.newConnection();Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME,false,false,false,null);// 可以接收key.1
        channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME,EXCHANGE_NAME,"key.*");
        channel.basicQos(1);DeliverCallback deliverCallback =(consumerTag, delivery)->{String message =newString(delivery.getBody(),"UTF-8");System.out.println(" [x-1] Received '"+ delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey()+"':'"+ message +"'");};
        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME,true, deliverCallback, consumerTag ->{});}}

packagetopic;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Channel;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Connection;importcom.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;importcom.rabbitmq.client.DeliverCallback;importjava.io.IOException;importjava.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;publicclassReceiver2{privatefinalstaticStringQUEUE_NAME="queue_topic2";privatefinalstaticStringEXCHANGE_NAME="exchange_topic";privatefinalstaticStringEXCHANGE_TYPE="topic";publicstaticvoidmain(String[] args)throwsIOException,InterruptedException,TimeoutException{ConnectionFactory factory =newConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        factory.setPort(5672);Connection connection = factory.newConnection();Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
        channel.queueDeclare(QUEUE_NAME,false,false,false,null);// *号代表单个单词，可以接收key.1
        channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME,EXCHANGE_NAME,"*.*");// #号代表多个单词，可以接收key.1.2
        channel.queueBind(QUEUE_NAME,EXCHANGE_NAME,"*.#");
        channel.basicQos(1);DeliverCallback deliverCallback =(consumerTag, delivery)->{String message =newString(delivery.getBody(),"UTF-8");System.out.println(" [x-2] Received '"+ delivery.getEnvelope().getRoutingKey()+"':'"+ message +"'");};
        channel.basicConsume(QUEUE_NAME,true, deliverCallback, consumerTag ->{});}}

packagetopic;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Channel;importcom.rabbitmq.client.Connection;importcom.rabbitmq.client.ConnectionFactory;importjava.io.IOException;importjava.util.concurrent.TimeoutException;publicclassSender{privatefinalstaticStringEXCHANGE_NAME="exchange_topic";privatefinalstaticStringEXCHANGE_TYPE="topic";publicstaticvoidmain(String[] args)throwsIOException,TimeoutException{ConnectionFactory factory =newConnectionFactory();
        factory.setHost("localhost");
        factory.setPort(5672);Connection connection = factory.newConnection();Channel channel = connection.createChannel();
        channel.exchangeDeclare(EXCHANGE_NAME,EXCHANGE_TYPE);String message ="topics model message with key.1";
        channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME,"key.1",null, message.getBytes());System.out.println("[x] Sent '"+ message +"'");String message2 ="topics model message with key.1.2";
        channel.basicPublish(EXCHANGE_NAME,"key.1.2",null, message2.getBytes());System.out.println("[x] Sent '"+ message2 +"'");
        channel.close();
        connection.close();}}

[x] Sent 'topics model message with key.1'
[x] Sent 'topics model message with key.1.2'

[x-1] Received 'key.1':'topics model message with key.1'

[x-2] Received 'key.1':'topics model message with key.1'
[x-2] Received 'key.1.2':'topics model message with key.1.2'

3、四种交换机介绍

• 直连交换机( Direct exchange )：具有路由功能的交换机，绑定到此交换机的时候需要指定一个routing_key，交换机发送消息的时候需要 routing_key，会将消息发送道对应的队列。
• 扇形交换机( Fanout exchange )：广播消息到所有队列，没有任何处理，速度最快。
• 主题交换机( Topic exchange )：在直连交换机基础上增加模式匹配，也就是对 routing_key 进行模式匹配，* 代表一个单词，# 代表多个单词。
• 首部交换机( Headers exchange )：忽略 routing_key，使用 Headers 信息(一个 Hash 的数据结构)进行匹配，优势在于可以有更多更灵活的匹配规则。