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Pytest单元测试系列[v1.0.0][Pytest基础]

Pytest安装与配置

和Unittest一样，Pytest是另一个Python语言的单元测试框架，与Unittest相比它的测试用例更加容易编写、运行方式更加灵活、报错信息更加清晰、断言写法更简洁并且它可以运行有unittest和nose编写的测试用例。

Pytest 安装

启动命令行，在命令行中使用pip工具安装pytest，如图所示。

  1. C:\Users\Administrator>pip install -U pytest
  2. Collecting pytest
  3.   Using cached pytest-5.4.1-py3-none-any.whl (246 kB)
  4. Requirement already satisfied, skipping upgrade: pluggy<1.0,>=0.12in c:\program files\python38\lib\site-packages (from pytest)(0.13.1)
  5. Requirement already satisfied, skipping upgrade: atomicwrites>=1.0; sys_platform =="win32"in c:\program files\python38\lib\site-packages (from pytest)(1.3.0)
  6. Requirement already satisfied, skipping upgrade: colorama; sys_platform =="win32"in c:\program files\python38\lib\site-packages (from pytest)(0.4.3)
  7. Requirement already satisfied, skipping upgrade: wcwidth in c:\program files\python38\lib\site-packages (from pytest)(0.1.8)
  8. Requirement already satisfied, skipping upgrade: packaging in c:\program files\python38\lib\site-packages (from pytest)(20.3)
  9. Requirement already satisfied, skipping upgrade: attrs>=17.4.0in c:\program files\python38\lib\site-packages (from pytest)(19.3.0)
  10. Requirement already satisfied, skipping upgrade: more-itertools>=4.0.0in c:\program files\python38\lib\site-packages (from pytest)(8.2.0)
  11. Requirement already satisfied, skipping upgrade: py>=1.5.0in c:\program files\python38\lib\site-packages (from pytest)(1.8.1)
  12. Requirement already satisfied, skipping upgrade: six in c:\program files\python38\lib\site-packages (from packaging->pytest)(1.14.0)
  13. Requirement already satisfied, skipping upgrade: pyparsing>=2.0.2in c:\program files\python38\lib\site-packages (from packaging->pytest)(2.4.6)
  14. Installing collected packages: pytest
  15. Successfully installed pytest-5.4.1

代码示例

新建一个python文件，并写入如下代码：

  1. deftest_equal():assert(1,2,3)==(1,2,3)

然后在命令行运行该文件，执行命令为 pytest xxx.py，执行结果如图

  1. C:\Users\Administrator>pytest C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\123.py
  2. ===================================== test session starts ==================================================
  3. platform win32 -- Python 3.8.1, pytest-5.4.1, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1
  4. rootdir: C:\Users\Administrator
  5. collected 1 item
  7. Desktop\123.py .[100%]======================================1 passed in0.09s ==================================================

如果想看到详细的执行结果，可以给执行命令加上参数 -v或者–verbose，即pytest -v xxx.py，执行结果如图

  1. C:\Users\Administrator>pytest -v C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\123.py
  2. ======================================= test session starts =================================================
  3. platform win32 -- Python 3.8.1, pytest-5.4.1, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1-- c:\program files\python38\python.exe
  4. cachedir:.pytest_cache
  5. rootdir: C:\Users\Administrator
  6. collected 1 item
  8. Desktop/123.py::test_equal PASSED                                                                                [100%]============================================1 passed in0.04s ===============================================

我们在看一个执行失败的例子，再新建一个py文件，写入如下代码：

  1. deftest_equal():assert(1,2,3)==(3,2,1)

然后执行该文件，pytest -v xxx.py，执行结果如图

  1. C:\Users\Administrator>pytest -v C:\Users\Administrator\Desktop\123.py
  2. =========================================== test session starts ==============================================
  3. platform win32 -- Python 3.8.1, pytest-5.4.1, py-1.8.1, pluggy-0.13.1-- c:\program files\python38\python.exe
  4. cachedir:.pytest_cache
  5. rootdir: C:\Users\Administrator
  6. collected 1 item
  8. Desktop/123.py::test_equal FAILED                                                                                [100%]============================================= FAILURES =======================================================
  9. ____________________________________________ test_equal ______________________________________________________
  11.     deftest_equal():>assert(1,2,3)==(3,2,1)
  12. E    assert(1,2,3)==(3,2,1)
  13. E      At index 0 diff:1!=3
  14. E      Full diff:
  15. E      -(3,2,1)
  16. E      ?  ^^
  17. E      +(1,2,3)
  18. E      ?  ^^
  20. Desktop\123.py:2: AssertionError
  21. ====================================== short test summary info ===============================================
  22. FAILED Desktop/123.py::test_equal -assert(1,2,3)==(3,2,1)=============================================1 failed in0.20s ==============================================

虽然断言结果是失败，但我们从执行结果中能够很清晰的看到为什么，pytest使用脱字符（^）表明结果中不同的地方

配置Pycharm

在这里插入图片描述

卸载Pytest

  1. C:\Users\Administrator>pip uninstall pytest
  2. Found existing installation: pytest 5.4.1
  3. Uninstalling pytest-5.4.1:
  4.   Would remove:
  5.     c:\program files\python38\lib\site-packages\_pytest\*
  6.     c:\program files\python38\lib\site-packages\pytest-5.4.1.dist-info\*
  7.     c:\program files\python38\lib\site-packages\pytest\*
  8.     c:\program files\python38\scripts\py.test.exe
  9.     c:\program files\python38\scripts\pytest.exe
  10. Proceed (y/n)? y
  11.   Successfully uninstalled pytest-5.4.1
  13. C:\Users\Administrator>

常用命令行参数

Pytest执行规则

  • 在命令行使用pytest执行测试，完整的pytest命令需要在pytest后加选项和文件名或者路径
  • 如果不提供这些选项或参数，pytest会在当前目录及其子目录下寻找测试文件，然后运行搜索到的测试代码
  • 如果提供了一个或者多个文件名、目录，pytest会逐一查找并运行所有测试，为了搜索到所有的测试代码，pytest会递归遍历每个目录及其子目录,但也只是执行以test_开头或者_test开头的测试函数

pytest搜索测试文件和测试用例的过程称为测试搜索，只要遵循如下几条原则便能够被它搜索到

  • 测试文件应命名为test_(something).py或者(something)_test.py
  • 测试函数、测试类方法应命名为test_(something)
  • 测试类应命名为Test(something)
测试代码

假如有如下待测代码，将其保存在py文件中，文件名为tobetest.py

  1. import pytest
  3. # 功能defadd(a, b):return a + b
  5. # 测试相等@allure.stepdeftest_add():assert add(3,4)==7# 测试不相等@allure.stepdeftest_add2():assert add(17,22)!=50# 测试大于@allure.stepdeftest_add3():assert add(17,22)<=50# 测试小于@pytest.mark.aaaadeftest_add4():assert add(17,22)>=50# 测试相等deftest_in():
  6.     a ="hello"
  7.     b ="he"assert b in a
  9. # 测试不相等deftest_not_in():
  10.     a ="hello"
  11.     b ="hi"assert b notin a
  13. # 用于判断素数defis_prime(n):if n <=1:returnFalsefor i inrange(2, n):if n % i ==0:returnFalsereturnTrue# 判断是否为素数deftest_true():assert is_prime(13)# 判断是否不为素数deftest_not_true():assertnot is_prime(7)
执行单一文件
  1. E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts>pytest tobetest.py
  2. ============================================= test session starts ====================================================
  3. platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-4.5.0, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.13.0
  4. rootdir: E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts, inifile: pytest.ini
  5. plugins: allure-pytest-2.6.3, cov-2.7.1, emoji-0.2.0, forked-1.0.2, instafail-0.4.1, nice-0.1.0, repeat-0.8.0, timeout-1.3.3, xdist-1.29.0
  6. collected 8 items                                                                                                                                                          
  8. tobetest.py ...F...F                                                                                                                                             [100%]================================================ FAILURES ===========================================================
  9. _________________________________________________ test_add4 __________________________________________________________
  11.     @pytest.mark.aaaadeftest_add4():>assert add(17,22)>=50
  12. E       assert39>=50
  13. E        +  where 39= add(17,22)
  15. test_asserts.py:36: AssertionError
  16. _________________________________________________ test_not_true ______________________________________________________
  18.     deftest_not_true():>assertnot is_prime(7)
  19. E       assertnotTrue
  20. E        +  where True= is_prime(7)
  22. test_asserts.py:70: AssertionError
  23. ========================================= warnings summary ============================================================
  24. c:\python37\lib\site-packages\_pytest\mark\structures.py:324
  25.   c:\python37\lib\site-packages\_pytest\mark\structures.py:324: PytestUnknownMarkWarning: Unknown pytest.mark.aaaa -is this a typo?  You can register custom marks to avoid
  26.  this warning -for details, see https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/mark.html
  27.     PytestUnknownMarkWarning,
  29. test_asserts.py::test_add4
  30. test_asserts.py::test_not_true
  31.   c:\python37\lib\site-packages\pytest_nice.py:22: PytestDeprecationWarning: the `pytest.config` globalis deprecated.  Please use `request.config` or `pytest_configure` (i
  32. f you're a pytest plugin) instead.if report.failed and pytest.config.getoption('nice'):-- Docs: https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/warnings.html
  33. ================================2 failed,6 passed,3 warnings in0.46 seconds =========================================
  • 第一行显示执行代码的操作系统、python版本以及pytest的版本：platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-4.5.0, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.13.0
  • 第二行显示搜索代码的启示目录以及配置文件，在本例中没有配置文件，因此inifile为空：rootdir: E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts, inifile: pytest.ini
  • 第三行显示当前已经安装的pytest插件plugins: allure-pytest-2.6.3, cov-2.7.1, emoji-0.2.0, forked-1.0.2, instafail-0.4.1, nice-0.1.0, repeat-0.8.0, timeout-1.3.3, xdist-1.29.0
  • 第四行 collected 8 items 表示找到8个测试函数。
  • 第五行tobetest.py ...F...F显示的是测试文件名，后边的点表示测试通过，除了点以外，还可能遇到Failure、error（测试异常）、skip、xfail（预期失败并确实失败）、xpass（预期失败但实际通过，不符合预期）分别会显示F、E、s、x、X
  • 2 failed, 6 passed, 3 warnings in 0.46 seconds表示测试结果和执行时间
执行单一测试函数

使用命令 

  1. pytest -v 路径/文件名::测试用例函数名

执行结果如下：

  1. E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts>pytest test_asserts.py::test_true
  2. ==================================================== test session starts ===============================================
  3. platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-4.5.0, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.13.0
  4. rootdir: E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts, inifile: pytest.ini
  5. plugins: allure-pytest-2.6.3, cov-2.7.1, emoji-0.2.0, forked-1.0.2, instafail-0.4.1, nice-0.1.0, repeat-0.8.0, timeout-1.3.3, xdist-1.29.0
  6. collected 1 item                                                                                                                                                           
  8. test_asserts.py .[100%]================================================== warnings summary ====================================================
  9. c:\python37\lib\site-packages\_pytest\mark\structures.py:324
  10.   c:\python37\lib\site-packages\_pytest\mark\structures.py:324: PytestUnknownMarkWarning: Unknown pytest.mark.aaaa -is this a typo?  You can register custom marks to avoid
  11.  this warning -for details, see https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/mark.html
  12.     PytestUnknownMarkWarning,-- Docs: https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/warnings.html
  13. ==========================================1 passed,1 warnings in0.07 seconds =========================================
其他命令行规则
  • 运行某个模块内的某个测试函数pytest test_mod.py::test_func
  • 运行某个模块内某个类的某个测试方法pytest test_mod.py::TestClass::test_method
  • 执行单一测试模块的语法是pytest test_module.py
  • 执行某个目录下的所有测试函数语法是pytest test/

常用pytest命令选项

  1. --collect-only

在批量执行测试用例之前，我们往往会想知道哪些用例将被执行是否符合我们的预期等等，这种场景下可以使用–collect-only选项，如下执行结果所示：

  1. D:\PythonPrograms\Python_Pytest\TestScripts>pytest --collect-only
  2. ================================================= test session starts ===================================================
  3. platform win32 -- Python 3.7.2, pytest-4.0.2, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.12.0
  4. rootdir: D:\PythonPrograms\Python_Pytest\TestScripts, inifile:
  5. plugins: allure-adaptor-1.7.10
  6. collected 17 items
  7. <Package 'D:\\PythonPrograms\\Python_Pytest\\TestScripts'><Module 'test_asserts.py'><Function 'test_add'><Function 'test_add2'><Function 'test_add3'><Function 'test_add4'><Function 'test_in'><Function 'test_not_in'><Function 'test_true'><Module 'test_fixture1.py'><Function 'test_numbers_3_4'><Function 'test_strings_a_3'><Module 'test_fixture2.py'><Class 'TestUM'><Function 'test_numbers_5_6'><Function 'test_strings_b_2'><Module 'test_one.py'><Function 'test_equal'><Function 'test_not_equal'><Module 'test_two.py'><Function 'test_default'><Function 'test_member_access'><Function 'test_asdict'><Function 'test_replace'>============================================= no tests ran in0.09 seconds ==============================================
  1. -k

该选项允许我们使用表达式指定希望运行的测试用例，如果某测试名是唯一的或者多个测试名的前缀或后缀相同，则可以使用这个选项来执行，如下执行结果所示：

  1. D:\PythonPrograms\Python_Pytest\TestScripts>pytest -k "asdict or default"--collect-only
  2. ================================================= test session starts ===================================================
  3. platform win32 -- Python 3.7.2, pytest-4.0.2, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.12.0
  4. rootdir: D:\PythonPrograms\Python_Pytest\TestScripts, inifile:
  5. plugins: allure-adaptor-1.7.10
  6. collected 17 items /15 deselected
  7. <Package 'D:\\PythonPrograms\\Python_Pytest\\TestScripts'><Module 'test_two.py'><Function 'test_default'><Function 'test_asdict'>============================================15 deselected in0.06 seconds ===========================================

从执行结果中我们能看到使用-k和–collect-only组合能够查询到我们设置的参数所能执行的测试方法。
然后我们将–collect-only从命令行移出，只使用-k便可执行test_default和test_asdict了

  1. D:\PythonPrograms\Python_Pytest\TestScripts>pytest -k "asdict or default"================================================ test session starts =================================================
  2. platform win32 -- Python 3.7.2, pytest-4.0.2, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.12.0
  3. rootdir: D:\PythonPrograms\Python_Pytest\TestScripts, inifile:
  4. plugins: allure-adaptor-1.7.10
  5. collected 17 items /15 deselected
  7. test_two.py ..[100%]=============================================2 passed,15 deselected in0.07 seconds ================================

如果我们在定义用例名的时候特别注意一下便可以使用-k的方式执行一系列测试用例了,同时表达式中科包含 and、or、not

  1. -m

用于标记并分组，然后仅执行带有标记的用例，如此便实现了执行某个测试集合的场景，如下代码所示，给我们之前的两个测试方法添加标记

  1. @pytest.mark.run_these_casesdeftest_member_access():"""
  2.     利用属性名来访问对象成员
  3.     :return:
  4.     """
  5.     t = Task('buy milk','brian')assert t.summary =='buy milk'assert t.owner =='brian'assert(t.done,  t.id)==(False,None)@pytest.mark.run_these_casesdeftest_asdict():"""
  6.     _asdict()返回一个字典
  7.     """
  8.     t_task = Task('do something','okken',True,21)
  9.     t_dict = t_task._asdict()
  10.     expected_dict ={'summary':'do something','owner':'okken','done':True,'id':21}assert t_dict == expected_dict

执行命令

  1. pytest -v -m run_these_cases

，结果如下：

  1. D:\PythonPrograms\Python_Pytest\TestScripts>pytest -v -m run_these_cases
  2. ============================================== test session starts ======================================================
  3. platform win32 -- Python 3.7.2, pytest-4.0.2, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.12.0-- c:\python37\python.exe
  4. cachedir:.pytest_cache
  5. rootdir: D:\PythonPrograms\Python_Pytest\TestScripts, inifile:
  6. plugins: allure-adaptor-1.7.10
  7. collected 17 items /15 deselected
  9. test_two.py::test_member_access PASSED                                   [50%]
  10. test_two.py::test_asdict PASSED                                          [100%]=======================================2 passed,15 deselected in0.07 seconds =========================================

-m选项也可以用表达式指定多个标记名，例如-m “mark1 and mark2” 或者-m “mark1 and not mark2” 或者-m “mark1 or mark2”

  1. -x

Pytest会运行每一个搜索到的测试用例，如果某个测试函数被断言失败，或者触发了外部异常，则该测试用例的运行就会停止，pytest将其标记为失败后继续运行一下测试用例，然而在debug的时候，我们往往希望遇到失败时立刻停止整个会话，-x选项为我们提供了该场景的支持，如下执行结果所示：

  1. E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts>pytest -x
  2. =============================================== test session starts =================================================
  3. platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-4.5.0, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.11.0
  4. rootdir: E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts
  5. plugins: allure-pytest-2.6.3
  6. collected 17 items                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
  8. test_asserts.py ...F
  10. =====================================================FAILURES ===========================================================
  11. ____________________________________________________test_add4 ___________________________________________________________
  13.     deftest_add4():>assert add(17,22)>=50
  14. E       assert39>=50
  15. E        +  where 39= add(17,22)
  17. test_asserts.py:34: AssertionError
  18. ============================================ warnings summary ===========================================================
  19. c:\python37\lib\site-packages\_pytest\mark\structures.py:324
  20.   c:\python37\lib\site-packages\_pytest\mark\structures.py:324: PytestUnknownMarkWarning: Unknown pytest.mark.run_these_cases -is this a typo?  You can register custom marks to avoid this warning -for details, see https://docs.pyt
  21. est.org/en/latest/mark.html
  22.     PytestUnknownMarkWarning,-- Docs: https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/warnings.html
  23. ===============================1 failed,3 passed,1 warnings in0.41 seconds ==========================================

在执行结果中我们可以看到实际收集的测试用例是17条，但执行了4条，通过3条失败一条，执行便停止了。
如果不适用-x选项再执行一次结果如下：

  1. E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts>pytest --tb=no
  2. ============================================ test session starts =====================================================
  3. platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-4.5.0, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.11.0
  4. rootdir: E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts
  5. plugins: allure-pytest-2.6.3
  6. collected 17 items                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
  8. test_asserts.py ...F..F                                                                                                                                                                                                          [41%]
  9. test_fixture1.py ..[52%]
  10. test_fixture2.py ..[64%]
  11. test_one.py .F                                                                                                                                                                                                                   [76%]
  12. test_two.py ....[100%]============================================= warnings summary =======================================================
  13. c:\python37\lib\site-packages\_pytest\mark\structures.py:324
  14.   c:\python37\lib\site-packages\_pytest\mark\structures.py:324: PytestUnknownMarkWarning: Unknown pytest.mark.run_these_cases -is this a typo?  You can register custom marks to avoid this warning -for details, see https://docs.pyt
  15. est.org/en/latest/mark.html
  16.     PytestUnknownMarkWarning,-- Docs: https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/warnings.html
  17. ====================================3 failed,14 passed,1 warnings in0.31 seconds =================================

从执行结果中我们看到一共收集的测试用例为17条，14条通过，3条失败，使用了选项–tb=no关闭错误信息回溯，当我们只想看执行结果而不想看那么多报错信息的时候可以使用它。

  1. --maxfail=num

-x是遇到失败便全局停止，如果我们想遇到失败几次再停止呢？–maxfail选项为我们提供了这个场景的支持，如下执行结果所示：

  1. E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts>pytest --maxfail=2--tb=no
  2. ============================================= test session starts =======================================================
  3. platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-4.5.0, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.11.0
  4. rootdir: E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts
  5. plugins: allure-pytest-2.6.3
  6. collected 17 items                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
  8. test_asserts.py ...F..F
  10. ================================================= warnings summary ======================================================
  11. c:\python37\lib\site-packages\_pytest\mark\structures.py:324
  12.   c:\python37\lib\site-packages\_pytest\mark\structures.py:324: PytestUnknownMarkWarning: Unknown pytest.mark.run_these_cases -is this a typo?  You can register custom marks to avoid this warning -for details, see https://docs.pyt
  13. est.org/en/latest/mark.html
  14.     PytestUnknownMarkWarning,-- Docs: https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/warnings.html
  15. =========================================2 failed,5 passed,1 warnings in0.22 seconds ================================

从执行结果中我们看到收集了17条用例，执行了7条，当错误数量达到2的时候便停止了执行。

  1. --tb=

命令及参数描述pytest --showlocals# show local variables in tracebackspytest -l# show local variables (shortcut)pytest --tb=auto# (default) ‘long’ tracebacks for the first and last entry, but ‘short’ style for the other entriespytest --tb=long# exhaustive, informative traceback formattingpytest --tb=short# shorter traceback formatpytest --tb=line# only one line per failurepytest --tb=native# Python standard library formattingpytest --tb=no# no traceback at allpytest --full-trace#causes very long traces to be printed on error (longer than --tb=long).

  1. -v (--verbose)

-v, --verbose:increase verbosity.

  1. -q (--quiet)

-q, --quiet:decrease verbosity.

  1. --lf (--last-failed)

–lf, --last-failed:rerun only the tests that failed at the last run (or all if none failed)

  1. E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts>pytest --lf --tb=no
  2. ================================== test session starts ==========================================
  3. platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-4.5.0, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.11.0
  4. rootdir: E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts
  5. plugins: allure-pytest-2.6.3
  6. collected 9 items /6 deselected /3 selected                                                                                                                                                                                          
  7. run-last-failure: rerun previous 3 failures (skipped 7 files)
  8. test_asserts.py FF                                                                                                                                                                                                               [66%]
  9. test_one.py F                                                                                                                                                                                                                    [100%]=============================3 failed,6 deselected in0.15 seconds ============================
  1. --ff (--failed-first)

–ff, --failed-first :run all tests but run the last failures first. This may re-order tests and thus lead to repeated fixture setup/teardown

  1. E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts>pytest --ff --tb=no
  2. ================================= test session starts ==================================
  3. platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-4.5.0, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.11.0
  4. rootdir: E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\TestScripts
  5. plugins: allure-pytest-2.6.3
  6. collected 17 items                                                                                                                                                                                                                     
  7. run-last-failure: rerun previous 3 failures first
  8. test_asserts.py FF                                                                                                                                                                                                               [11%]
  9. test_one.py F                                                                                                                                                                                                                    [17%]
  10. test_asserts.py .....[47%]
  11. test_fixture1.py ..[58%]
  12. test_fixture2.py ..[70%]
  13. test_one.py .[76%]
  14. test_two.py ....[100%]======================== warnings summary ==========================================
  15. c:\python37\lib\site-packages\_pytest\mark\structures.py:324
  16.   c:\python37\lib\site-packages\_pytest\mark\structures.py:324: PytestUnknownMarkWarning: Unknown pytest.mark.run_these_cases -is this a typo?  You can register custom marks to avoid this warning -for details, see https://docs.pyt
  17. est.org/en/latest/mark.html
  18.     PytestUnknownMarkWarning,-- Docs: https://docs.pytest.org/en/latest/warnings.html
  19. =================3 failed,14 passed,1 warnings in0.25 seconds ==========================
  1. -s与--capture=method
  1. -s等同于--capture=no
  1. (venv) D:\Python_Pytest\TestScripts>pytest -s
  2. ============================= test session starts ============================================
  3. platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-4.0.2, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.12.0
  4. rootdir: D:\Python_Pytest\TestScripts, inifile:
  5. plugins: allure-adaptor-1.7.10
  6. collected 18 items                                                                                                                                                                                                                        
  8. test_asserts.py ...F...F
  9. test_fixture1.py
  11. setup_module================>
  12. setup_function------>
  13. test_numbers_3_4
  14. .teardown_function--->
  15. setup_function------>
  16. test_strings_a_3
  17. .teardown_function--->
  18. teardown_module=============>
  20. test_fixture2.py
  22. setup_class=========>
  23. setup_method----->>
  24. setup----->
  25. test_numbers_5_6
  26. .teardown-->
  27. teardown_method-->>
  28. setup_method----->>
  29. setup----->
  30. test_strings_b_2
  31. .teardown-->
  32. teardown_method-->>
  33. teardown_class=========>
  35. test_one.py .F
  36. test_two.py ....========================================== FAILURES ============================================
  37. ____________________________________________ test_add4 ______________________________________________
  39.     @pytest.mark.aaaadeftest_add4():>assert add(17,22)>=50
  40. E       assert39>=50
  41. E        +  where 39= add(17,22)
  43. test_asserts.py:36: AssertionError
  44. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ test_not_true ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
  46.     deftest_not_true():>assertnot is_prime(7)
  47. E       assertnotTrue
  48. E        +  where True= is_prime(7)
  50. test_asserts.py:70: AssertionError
  51. _______________________________________ test_not_equal ________________________________________________
  53.     deftest_not_equal():>assert(1,2,3)==(3,2,1)
  54. E       assert(1,2,3)==(3,2,1)
  55. E         At index 0 diff:1!=3
  56. E         Use -v to get the full diff
  58. test_one.py:9: AssertionError
  59. ==================================3 failed,15 passed in0.15 seconds =================================
  1. --capture=method per-test capturing method: one of fd|sys|no.
  1. -l (--showlocals)
  1. -l, --showlocals show locals in tracebacks (disabled by default).
  1. --duration=N
  1. --durations=N show N slowest setup/test durations (N=0 for all).

该选项绝大多数用于调优测试代码，该选项展示最慢的N个用例，等于0则表示全部倒序

  1. (venv) D:\Python_Pytest\TestScripts>pytest --duration=5===================================================== test session starts ==============================================
  2. platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-4.0.2, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.12.0
  3. rootdir: D:\Python_Pytest\TestScripts, inifile:
  4. plugins: allure-adaptor-1.7.10
  5. collected 18 items                                                             
  7. test_asserts.py ...F...F                                                 [44%]
  8. test_fixture1.py ..[55%]
  9. test_fixture2.py ..[66%]
  10. test_one.py .F                                                           [77%]
  11. test_two.py ....[100%]======================================================= FAILURES ======================================================
  12. _______________________________________________________ test_add4 _____________________________________________________
  14.     @pytest.mark.aaaadeftest_add4():>assert add(17,22)>=50
  15. E       assert39>=50
  16. E        +  where 39= add(17,22)
  18. test_asserts.py:36: AssertionError
  19. _____________________________________________________ test_not_true _____________________________________________________
  21.     deftest_not_true():>assertnot is_prime(7)
  22. E       assertnotTrue
  23. E        +  where True= is_prime(7)
  25. test_asserts.py:70: AssertionError
  26. ___________________________________________________ test_not_equal ______________________________________________________
  28.     deftest_not_equal():>assert(1,2,3)==(3,2,1)
  29. E       assert(1,2,3)==(3,2,1)
  30. E         At index 0 diff:1!=3
  31. E         Use -v to get the full diff
  33. test_one.py:9: AssertionError
  34. ================================================ slowest 5 test durations ===============================================0.01s call     test_asserts.py::test_add4
  36. (0.00 durations hidden.  Use -vv to show these durations.)==========================================3 failed,15 passed in0.27 seconds ==========================================

在执行结果中我们看到提示(0.00 durations hidden. Use -vv to show these durations.)，如果加上-vv，执行结果如下：

  1. (venv) D:\Python_Pytest\TestScripts>pytest --duration=5-vv
  2. ============================= test session starts =============================
  3. platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-4.0.2, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.12.0-- c:\python37\python.exe
  4. cachedir:.pytest_cache
  5. rootdir: D:\Python_Pytest\TestScripts, inifile:
  6. plugins: allure-adaptor-1.7.10
  7. collected 18 items                                                             
  9. test_asserts.py::test_add PASSED                                         [5%]
  10. test_asserts.py::test_add2 PASSED                                        [11%]
  11. test_asserts.py::test_add3 PASSED                                        [16%]
  12. test_asserts.py::test_add4 FAILED                                        [22%]
  13. test_asserts.py::test_in PASSED                                          [27%]
  14. test_asserts.py::test_not_in PASSED                                      [33%]
  15. test_asserts.py::test_true PASSED                                        [38%]
  16. test_asserts.py::test_not_true FAILED                                    [44%]
  17. test_fixture1.py::test_numbers_3_4 PASSED                                [50%]
  18. test_fixture1.py::test_strings_a_3 PASSED                                [55%]
  19. test_fixture2.py::TestUM::test_numbers_5_6 PASSED                        [61%]
  20. test_fixture2.py::TestUM::test_strings_b_2 PASSED                        [66%]
  21. test_one.py::test_equal PASSED                                           [72%]
  22. test_one.py::test_not_equal FAILED                                       [77%]
  23. test_two.py::test_default PASSED                                         [83%]
  24. test_two.py::test_member_access PASSED                                   [88%]
  25. test_two.py::test_asdict PASSED                                          [94%]
  26. test_two.py::test_replace PASSED                                         [100%]====================================================== FAILURES =========================================================
  27. ______________________________________________________ test_add4 ________________________________________________________
  29.     @pytest.mark.aaaadeftest_add4():>assert add(17,22)>=50
  30. E       assert39>=50
  31. E        +  where 39= add(17,22)
  33. test_asserts.py:36: AssertionError
  34. ____________________________________________________ test_not_true ____________________________________________________
  36.     deftest_not_true():>assertnot is_prime(7)
  37. E       assertnotTrue
  38. E        +  where True= is_prime(7)
  40. test_asserts.py:70: AssertionError
  41. ___________________________________________________ test_not_equal ____________________________________________________
  43.     deftest_not_equal():>assert(1,2,3)==(3,2,1)
  44. E       assert(1,2,3)==(3,2,1)
  45. E         At index 0 diff:1!=3
  46. E         Full diff:
  47. E         -(1,2,3)
  48. E         ?  ^^
  49. E         +(3,2,1)
  50. E         ?  ^^
  52. test_one.py:9: AssertionError
  53. ============================================== slowest 5 test durations ===============================================0.00s setup    test_one.py::test_not_equal
  54. 0.00s setup    test_fixture1.py::test_strings_a_3
  55. 0.00s setup    test_asserts.py::test_add3
  56. 0.00s call     test_fixture2.py::TestUM::test_strings_b_2
  57. 0.00s call     test_asserts.py::test_in
  58. =========================================3 failed,15 passed in0.16 seconds =========================================
  1. -r

生成一个简短的概述报告，同时配合-r还可以使用
OptionDescriptionffailedEerrorsskippedxxfailedXxpassedppassedPpassed with outputaall except pPAall例如只想看失败的和跳过的测试，可以这样执行

  1. (venv) E:\Python_Pytest\TestScripts>pytest -rfs
  2. =================================================== test session starts =================================================
  3. platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-4.0.2, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.12.0
  4. rootdir: E:\Python_Pytest\TestScripts, inifile:
  5. plugins: allure-adaptor-1.7.10
  6. collected 18 items                                                             
  8. test_asserts.py ...F...F                                                 [44%]
  9. test_fixture1.py ..[55%]
  10. test_fixture2.py ..[66%]
  11. test_one.py .F                                                           [77%]
  12. test_two.py ....[100%]==================================================== FAILURES ===========================================================
  13. ____________________________________________________ test_add4 __________________________________________________________
  15.     @pytest.mark.aaaadeftest_add4():>assert add(17,22)>=50
  16. E       assert39>=50
  17. E        +  where 39= add(17,22)
  19. test_asserts.py:36: AssertionError
  20. __________________________________________________ test_not_true _______________________________________________________
  22.     deftest_not_true():>assertnot is_prime(7)
  23. E       assertnotTrue
  24. E        +  where True= is_prime(7)
  26. test_asserts.py:70: AssertionError
  27. ____________________________________________________ test_not_equal _____________________________________________________
  29.     deftest_not_equal():>assert(1,2,3)==(3,2,1)
  30. E       assert(1,2,3)==(3,2,1)
  31. E         At index 0 diff:1!=3
  32. E         Use -v to get the full diff
  34. test_one.py:9: AssertionError
  35. ================================================ short test summary info ================================================
  36. FAIL test_asserts.py::test_add4
  37. FAIL test_asserts.py::test_not_true
  38. FAIL test_one.py::test_not_equal
  39. ========================================3 failed,15 passed in0.10 seconds ============================================
  1. pytest --help

获取更多参数

在命令行输入pytest --help 然后执行结果如下，在打印出来的结果中我们能够看到pytest命令的使用方式usage: pytest [options] [file_or_dir] [file_or_dir] […]以及一系列的执行方式（options）及其描述。

  1. C:\Users\Administrator>pytest --help
  2. usage: pytest [options][file_or_dir][file_or_dir][...]
  3. positional arguments:
  4.   file_or_dir
  5. general:-k EXPRESSION         only run tests which match the given substring
  6.                         expression. An expression is a python evaluatable
  7.                         expression where all names are substring-matched
  8.                         against test names and their parent classes. Example:-k 'test_method or test_other' matches all test
  9.                         functions and classes whose name contains
  10.                         'test_method'or'test_other',while-k 'not
  11.                         test_method' matches those that don't contain
  12.                         'test_method'in their names. Additionally keywords
  13.                         are matched to classes and functions containing extra
  14.                         names in their 'extra_keyword_matches'set,as well as
  15.                         functions which have names assigned directly to them.-m MARKEXPR           only run tests matching given mark expression.
  16.                         example:-m 'mark1 and not mark2'.--markers             show markers (builtin, plugin and per-project ones).-x,--exitfirst       exit instantly on first error or failed test.--maxfail=num         exit after first num failures or errors.--strict              marks not registered in configuration fileraise
  17.                         errors.-c file               load configuration from `file` instead of trying to
  18.                         locate one of the implicit configuration files.--continue-on-collection-errors
  19.                         Force test execution even if collection errors occur.--rootdir=ROOTDIR     Define root directory for tests. Can be relative path:'root_dir','./root_dir','root_dir/another_dir/';
  20.                         absolute path:'/home/user/root_dir'; path with
  21.                         variables:'$HOME/root_dir'.--fixtures,--funcargs
  22.                         show available fixtures,sorted by plugin appearance
  23.                         (fixtures with leading '_' are only shown with'-v')--fixtures-per-test   show fixtures per test
  24.   --import-mode={prepend,append}
  25.                         prepend/append to sys.path when importing test
  26.                         modules, default is to prepend.--pdb                 start the interactive Python debugger on errors or
  27.                         KeyboardInterrupt.--pdbcls=modulename:classname
  28.                         start a custom interactive Python debugger on errors.
  29.                         For example:--pdbcls=IPython.terminal.debugger:TerminalPdb
  30.   --trace               Immediately break when running each test.--capture=method      per-test capturing method: one of fd|sys|no.-s                    shortcut for--capture=no.--runxfail            run tests even if they are marked xfail
  31.   --lf,--last-failed   rerun only the tests that failed at the last run (orallif none failed)--ff,--failed-first  run all tests but run the last failures first. This
  32.                         may re-order tests and thus lead to repeated fixture
  33.                         setup/teardown
  34.   --nf,--new-first     run tests from new files first, then the rest of the
  35.                         tests sorted by file mtime
  36.   --cache-show          show cache contents, don't perform collection or tests
  37.   --cache-clear         remove all cache contents at start of test run.--lfnf={all,none},--last-failed-no-failures={all,none}
  38.                         change the behavior when no test failed in the last
  39.                         run or no information about the last failures was
  40.                         found in the cache
  41.   --sw,--stepwise      exit on test fail andcontinuefrom last failing test
  42.                         next time
  43.   --stepwise-skip       ignore the first failing test but stop on the next
  44.                         failing test
  45.   --allure_severities=SEVERITIES_SET
  46.                         Comma-separated list of severity names. Tests only
  47.                         with these severities will be run. Possible values
  48.                         are:blocker, critical, minor, normal, trivial.--allure_features=FEATURES_SET
  49.                         Comma-separated list of feature names. Run tests that
  50.                         have at least one of the specified feature labels.--allure_stories=STORIES_SET
  51.                         Comma-separated list of story names. Run tests that
  52.                         have at least one of the specified story labels.
  54. reporting:-v,--verbose         increase verbosity.-q,--quiet           decrease verbosity.--verbosity=VERBOSE   set verbosity
  55.   -r chars              show extra test summary info as specified by chars
  56.                         (f)ailed,(E)error,(s)skipped,(x)failed,(X)passed,(p)passed,(P)passed with output,(a)allexcept pP.
  57.                         Warnings are displayed at all times except when
  58.                         --disable-warnings isset--disable-warnings,--disable-pytest-warnings
  59.                         disable warnings summary
  60.   -l,--showlocals      show localsin tracebacks (disabled by default).--tb=style            traceback print mode (auto/long/short/line/native/no).--show-capture={no,stdout,stderr,log,all}
  61.                         Controls how captured stdout/stderr/log is shown on
  62.                         failed tests. Default is'all'.--full-trace          don't cut any tracebacks (default is to cut).--color=color         color terminal output (yes/no/auto).--durations=N         show N slowest setup/test durations (N=0forall).--pastebin=mode       send failed|all info to bpaste.net pastebin service.--junit-xml=path      create junit-xml style report file at given path.--junit-prefix=str    prepend prefix to classnames in junit-xml output
  63.   --result-log=path     DEPRECATED path for machine-readable result log.
  65. collection:--collect-only        only collect tests, don't execute them.--pyargs              try to interpret all arguments as python packages.--ignore=path         ignore path during collection (multi-allowed).--deselect=nodeid_prefix
  66.                         deselect item during collection (multi-allowed).--confcutdir=dir      only load conftest.py's relative to specified dir.--noconftest          Don't load any conftest.py files.--keep-duplicates     Keep duplicate tests.--collect-in-virtualenv
  67.                         Don't ignore tests in a local virtualenv directory
  68.   --doctest-modules     run doctests inall.py modules
  69.   --doctest-report={none,cdiff,ndiff,udiff,only_first_failure}
  70.                         choose another output formatfor diffs on doctest
  71.                         failure
  72.   --doctest-glob=pat    doctests file matching pattern, default: test*.txt
  73.   --doctest-ignore-import-errors
  74.                         ignore doctest ImportErrors
  75.   --doctest-continue-on-failure
  76.                         for a given doctest,continue to run after the first
  77.                         failure
  79. test session debugging and configuration:--basetemp=dir        base temporary directory for this test run.(warning:
  80.                         this directory is removed if it exists)--version             display pytest lib version andimport information.-h,--help            show help message and configuration info
  81.   -p name               early-load given plugin (multi-allowed). To avoid
  82.                         loading of plugins, use the `no:` prefix, e.g.
  83.                         `no:doctest`.--trace-config        trace considerations of conftest.py files.--debug               store internal tracing debug information in'pytestdebug.log'.-o OVERRIDE_INI,--override-ini=OVERRIDE_INI
  84.                         override ini option with"option=value" style, e.g.
  85.                         `-o xfail_strict=True-o cache_dir=cache`.--assert=MODE         Control assertion debugging tools.'plain' performs no
  86.                         assertion debugging.'rewrite'(the default) rewrites
  87.                         assert statements in test modules on import to provide
  88.                         assert expression information.--setup-only          only setup fixtures, do not execute tests.--setup-show          show setup of fixtures while executing tests.--setup-plan          show what fixtures and tests would be executed but
  89.                         don't execute anything.
  91. pytest-warnings:-W PYTHONWARNINGS,--pythonwarnings=PYTHONWARNINGS
  92.                         set which warnings to report, see -W option of python
  93.                         itself.
  95. logging:--no-print-logs       disable printing caught logs on failed tests.--log-level=LOG_LEVEL
  96.                         logging level used by the logging module
  97.   --log-format=LOG_FORMAT
  98.                         log formatas used by the logging module.--log-date-format=LOG_DATE_FORMAT
  99.                         log date formatas used by the logging module.--log-cli-level=LOG_CLI_LEVEL
  100.                         cli logging level.--log-cli-format=LOG_CLI_FORMAT
  101.                         log formatas used by the logging module.--log-cli-date-format=LOG_CLI_DATE_FORMAT
  102.                         log date formatas used by the logging module.--log-file=LOG_FILE   path to a file when logging will be written to.--log-file-level=LOG_FILE_LEVEL
  103.                         log file logging level.--log-file-format=LOG_FILE_FORMAT
  104.                         log formatas used by the logging module.--log-file-date-format=LOG_FILE_DATE_FORMAT
  105.                         log date formatas used by the logging module.
  107. reporting:--alluredir=DIR       Generate Allure report in the specified directory (may
  108.                         not exist)[pytest] ini-options in the first pytest.ini|tox.ini|setup.cfg file found:
  110.   markers (linelist)       markers for test functions
  111.   empty_parameter_set_mark (string) default marker for empty parametersets
  112.   norecursedirs (args)     directory patterns to avoid for recursion
  113.   testpaths (args)         directories to search for tests when no files or dire
  114.   console_output_style (string) console output: classic orwith additional progr
  115.   usefixtures (args)list of default fixtures to be used with this project
  116.   python_files (args)      glob-style file patterns for Python test module disco
  117.   python_classes (args)    prefixes or glob names for Python test classdiscover
  118.   python_functions (args)  prefixes or glob names for Python test function and m
  119.   xfail_strict (bool)      default for the strict parameter of xfail markers whe
  120.   junit_suite_name (string) Test suite name for JUnit report
  121.   junit_logging (string)   Write captured log messages to JUnit report: one of n
  122.   doctest_optionflags (args) option flags for doctests
  123.   doctest_encoding (string) encoding used for doctest files
  124.   cache_dir (string)       cache directory path.
  125.   filterwarnings (linelist) Each line specifies a pattern for warnings.filterwar
  126.   log_print (bool)         default value for--no-print-logs
  127.   log_level (string)       default value for--log-level
  128.   log_format (string)      default value for--log-format
  129.   log_date_format (string) default value for--log-date-format
  130.   log_cli (bool)           enable log display during test run (also known as "li
  131.   log_cli_level (string)   default value for--log-cli-level
  132.   log_cli_format (string)  default value for--log-cli-format
  133.   log_cli_date_format (string) default value for--log-cli-date-format
  134.   log_file (string)        default value for--log-file
  135.   log_file_level (string)  default value for--log-file-level
  136.   log_file_format (string) default value for--log-file-format
  137.   log_file_date_format (string) default value for--log-file-date-format
  138.   addopts (args)           extra command line options
  139.   minversion (string)      minimally required pytest version
  141. environment variables:
  142.   PYTEST_ADDOPTS           extra command line options
  143.   PYTEST_PLUGINS           comma-separated plugins to load during startup
  144.   PYTEST_DISABLE_PLUGIN_AUTOLOAD set to disable plugin auto-loading
  145.   PYTEST_DEBUG             set to enable debug tracing of pytest's internals
  147. to see available markers type: pytest --markers
  148. to see available fixtures type: pytest --fixtures
  149. (shown according to specified file_or_dir or current dirifnot specified; fixtures with leading '_' are only shown with the '-v' option

理解Pytest的配置文件

Pytest里有哪些配置文件：
配置文件描述：无论选择使用哪种配置文件，它们的格式几乎是一样的

  1. pytest.ini

pytest主配置文件，可以改变pytest默认行为

  1. conftest.py

本地插件库，其中的hook函数和fixture将作用于该文件所在目录及其子目录

  1. __init__.py

每个测试子目录都包含该文件时，在多个测试目录中可以出现同名的测试文件

  1. tox.ini

如果你使用tox工具，会用到tox.ini，它与pytest.ini类似，只不过是tox的配置文件，可以把pytest的配置写在tox.ini里，就无需同时使用pytest.ini和tox.ini了

  1. setup.cfg

它也采用ini文件格式，而且可以影响setup.py的行为，如果要发布一个python包，它的作用也很大，可以在setup.py文件里添加几行代码，使用python setup.py test 运行所有的pytest测试用例；如果打算发布python包，也可以使用setup.cfg文件存储pytest的配置信息pytest.ini

  1. ;---; Excerpted from"Python Testing with pytest",; published by The Pragmatic Bookshelf.; Copyrights apply to this code. It may not be used to create training material,; courses, books, articles,and the like. Contact us if you are in doubt.; We make no guarantees that this code is fit forany purpose.; Visit http://www.pragmaticprogrammer.com/titles/bopytest for more book information.;---[pytest]
  2. addopts =-rsxX -l --tb=short --strict
  3. xfail_strict = true
  4. ;... more options ...

tox.ini

  1. ;---; Excerpted from"Python Testing with pytest",; published by The Pragmatic Bookshelf.; Copyrights apply to this code. It may not be used to create training material,; courses, books, articles,and the like. Contact us if you are in doubt.; We make no guarantees that this code is fit forany purpose.; Visit http://www.pragmaticprogrammer.com/titles/bopytest for more book information.;---;... tox specific stuff ...[pytest]
  2. addopts =-rsxX -l --tb=short --strict
  3. xfail_strict = true
  4. ;... more options ...

setup.cfg

  1. ;... packaging specific stuff ...[tool:pytest]
  2. addopts =-rsxX -l --tb=short --strict
  3. xfail_strict = true
  4. ;... more options ...

执行命令pytest --help能够看到所有设置选项

  1. [pytest] ini-options in the first pytest.ini|tox.ini|setup.cfg file found:
  3.   markers (linelist)       markers for test functions
  4.   empty_parameter_set_mark (string) default marker for empty parametersets
  5.   norecursedirs (args)     directory patterns to avoid for recursion
  6.   testpaths (args)         directories to search for tests when no files or directories are given in the command line.
  7.   usefixtures (args)list of default fixtures to be used with this project
  8.   python_files (args)      glob-style file patterns for Python test module discovery
  9.   python_classes (args)    prefixes or glob names for Python test classdiscovery
  10.   python_functions (args)  prefixes or glob names for Python test function and method discovery
  11.   disable_test_id_escaping_and_forfeit_all_rights_to_community_support (bool) disable string escape non-ascii characters, might cause unwanted side effects(use at your own
  13.   console_output_style (string) console output:"classic",orwith additional progress information ("progress"(percentage)|"count").
  14.   xfail_strict (bool)      default for the strict parameter of xfail markers when not given explicitly (default:False)
  15.   junit_suite_name (string) Test suite name for JUnit report
  16.   junit_logging (string)   Write captured log messages to JUnit report: one of no|system-out|system-err
  17.   junit_duration_report (string) Duration time to report: one of total|call
  18.   junit_family (string)    Emit XML for schema: one of legacy|xunit1|xunit2
  19.   doctest_optionflags (args) option flags for doctests
  20.   doctest_encoding (string) encoding used for doctest files
  21.   cache_dir (string)       cache directory path.
  22.   filterwarnings (linelist) Each line specifies a pattern for warnings.filterwarnings. Processed after -W and--pythonwarnings.
  23.   log_print (bool)         default value for--no-print-logs
  24.   log_level (string)       default value for--log-level
  25.   log_format (string)      default value for--log-format
  26.   log_date_format (string) default value for--log-date-format
  27.   log_cli (bool)           enable log display during test run (also known as"live logging").
  28.   log_cli_level (string)   default value for--log-cli-level
  29.   log_cli_format (string)  default value for--log-cli-format
  30.   log_cli_date_format (string) default value for--log-cli-date-format
  31.   log_file (string)        default value for--log-file
  32.   log_file_level (string)  default value for--log-file-level
  33.   log_file_format (string) default value for--log-file-format
  34.   log_file_date_format (string) default value for--log-file-date-format
  35.   addopts (args)           extra command line options
  36.   minversion (string)      minimally required pytest version
  37.   rsyncdirs (pathlist)list of (relative) paths to be rsynced for remote distributed testing.
  38.   rsyncignore (pathlist)list of (relative) glob-style paths to be ignored for rsyncing.
  39.   looponfailroots (pathlist) directories to check for changes
  40.   timeout (string)         Timeout in seconds before dumping the stacks.  Default is0 which
  41. means no timeout.
  42.   timeout_method (string)  Timeout mechanism to use.'signal' uses SIGALRM if available,'thread' uses a timer thread.  The default is to use 'signal'and fall
  43. back to 'th
  44.   timeout_func_only (bool) When set to True, defers the timeout evaluation to only the test
  45. function body, ignoring the time it takes when evaluating any fixtures
  46. used in t
  47.   pytester_example_dir (string) directory to take the pytester example files from
  49. environment variables:
  50.   PYTEST_ADDOPTS           extra command line options
  51.   PYTEST_PLUGINS           comma-separated plugins to load during startup
  52.   PYTEST_DISABLE_PLUGIN_AUTOLOAD set to disable plugin auto-loading
  53.   PYTEST_DEBUG             set to enable debug tracing of pytest's internals

插件可以添加ini文件选项

除了前边列出来的这些选项，利用插件和conftest.py文件还可以添加新的选项，而且新增的选项也可以使用pytest --help查看。

更改默认命令行选项

经过前边的文章，已经涉猎到很多pytest选项了，例如-v/–verbose可以输出详细信息，-l/–showlocals可以查看失败测试用例里堆栈中的局部变量，你可能经常用到这些选项，但又不想重复输入，此时就可以借助pytest.ini文件里的addopts设置

  1. [pytest]
  2. addopts =-rsxX -l --tb=short --strict

选项介绍-rsxX表示pytest报告所有测试用例被跳过、预计失败、预计失败但实际通过的原因-l表示pytest报告所有失败测试用例的对战中的局部变量–tb=short表示简化堆栈回溯信息，只保留文件和行数–strict选项表示禁止使用未在配置文件中注册的标记

注册标记来防范拼写错误

在pytest.ini中注册标记：

  1. [pytest]
  2. markers=
  3.     smoke: Run the smoke test functions for tasks project
  4.     get:Run the test functions that test tasks.get()

标记注册好后，可以通过pytest --markers来查看

  1. (venv) E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\pytest-nice>pytest --markers
  2. @pytest.mark.smoke: Run the smoke test functions for tasks project
  4. @pytest.mark.get:Run the test functions that test tasks.get()

这样当我们给addopts加上–strict时，没有注册的标记就不能再使用，因此也就尽可能减少拼写错误

指定pytest的最低版本号

minversion选项可以指定运行测试用例的pytest的最低版本，例如测试两个浮点数的值是否接近，我们会使用approx()函数，但这个功能直到pytest3.0才出现，为此我们可以在pytest.ini文件中添加

  1. [pytest]
  2. minversion =3.0

指定pytest忽略某些目录

pytest执行搜索时，会递归遍历所有子目录，可以使用norecurse选项简化pytest的搜索工作。
norecurse的默认值是

  1. .* build dist CVS _darcs {arch}

和

  1. *.egg

如果让pytest忽略Tasks项目的src目录，则需要加入norecursedirs里

  1. [pytest]
  2. norecursedirs =.* venv src *.egg dist build

指定测试目录

testpaths只是pytest去哪里访问，它是一系列相对于根目录的路径，用于限定测试用例的搜索范围，只有在pytest未指定文件目录参数或者测试用例标识符时，该选项才会启动。

  1. task_proj/|------pytest.ini
  2. |------src
  3. ||------tasks
  4. ||------api.py
  5. ||------......|------test
  6.         |------conftest.py
  7.         |------func
  8.         ||------__init__py
  9.         ||------test_add.py
  10.         ||------......|------unit
  11.                 |------__init__.py
  12.                 |------test_task.py
  13.                 |------......

例如这样的机构目录，我们要指定test目录为pytest的执行路径

  1. [pytest]
  2. testpaths = test

然后只需要从tasks_proj开始运行pytest，pytest就会直接去找test路径。

更改测试搜索的规则

pytest的执行，是根据一定的规则搜索并运行测试的：

  • 从一个或多个目录开始查找
  • 在该目录和所有子目录下递归查找测试模块
  • 测试模块是指定文件名为test_*.py和*_test.py的文件
  • 在测试模块中查找以test_开头的函数名
  • 查找名字以Test开头的类，首先筛选掉包含__init__函数的类，再查找类中以Test_开头的类方法

接下来修改规则：
默认规则pytest寻找Test*开头的类，而这个类不能含有__init__()函数，可以使用python_classes来修改

  1. [pytest]
  2.  python_classes =*Test Test**Suite

像python_classes一样，python_files可以更改默认的测试搜索规则，而不是仅查找以test_开头的文件和_test结尾的文件

  1. [pytest]
  2. python_files = test_**_test check_*

同样的可以修改搜索测试函数和方法的命名规则

  1. [pytest]
  2. python_functions = test_* check_*

禁用XPASS

设置

  1. xfail_strict = true

将会使那些被标记为@pytest.mark.xfail但是实际通过的测试用例也会报告为失败。

避免文件名冲突

  1. duplicate
  2. |------dup_a
  3. ||------test_func.py
  4. |        dup_b
  5. ||------test_func.py

两个py文件中分别写入函数test_a()和test_b()

  1. deftest_a():pass
  1. deftest_b():pass

如此目录结构，两个同名文件,虽然文件内容不同，但他们还是会冲突，可以单独运行py文件，但在duplicate路径下执行就不行了，会报如下错误：

  1. (venv) E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\SourceCode\ch6\duplicate>pytest
  2. ================== test session starts ===================================
  3. platform win32 -- Python 3.7.3, pytest-4.5.0, py-1.8.0, pluggy-0.11.0
  4. rootdir: E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest, inifile: pytest.ini
  5. plugins: xdist-1.29.0, timeout-1.3.3, repeat-0.8.0, nice-0.1.0, instafail-0.4.1, forked-1.0.2, emoji-0.2.0, allure-pytest-2.6.3
  6. collected 1 item /1 errors                                                                                                                                                
  8. =========================================== ERRORS ============================
  9. ____________________ ERROR collecting SourceCode/ch6/duplicate/b/test_func.py __________________________
  10. importfile mismatch:
  11. imported module 'test_func' has this __file__ attribute:
  12.   E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\SourceCode\ch6\duplicate\a\test_func.py
  13. which isnot the same as the test file we want to collect:
  14.   E:\Programs\Python\Python_Pytest\SourceCode\ch6\duplicate\b\test_func.py
  15. HINT: remove __pycache__ /.pyc files and/or use a unique basename for your test file modules
  16. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Interrupted:1 errors during collection !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
  17. ==============================1 error in0.32 seconds ==========================================

报错信息中也并没明显指出问题在哪，要解决这个问题，只需要在各个子目录里添加一个空的__init__.py文件即可，测试子目录添加__init__.py是个好习惯

标签： pytest 单元测试 命令行参数
本文转载自: https://blog.csdn.net/dawei_yang000000/article/details/140273888
版权归原作者 Davieyang.D.Y 所有， 如有侵权，请联系我们删除。
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