Elasticsearch 核心技术（八）：常用 DSL 查询（全文搜索、精确匹配、布尔查询）

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Elasticsearch 提供了一个完整的基于 JSON 的 DSL（Domain Specific Language，领域特定语言） 查询语言，它非常的丰富和灵活，并支持构建更加复杂和健壮的查询。

本篇我们主要讲述常用的三种 DSL 查询：全文搜索、精确匹配、布尔查询。

一、全文搜索

全文搜索是 Elasticsearch 的核心功能，在创建索引时要将字段映射设为

text

类型，并可指定分词器，我们方可使用该功能。关于数据类型和分词器可以参考之前的一些文章，这里不再赘述。

1.1 查询所有（match_all）

可以使用

match_all

来查询指定索引下的所有文档，下面例子查询“my_product”字段中所有文档：

GET/mt_product/_search
{"query":{"match_all":{}}}

响应结果：

{"took":0,"timed_out":false,"_shards":{"total":1,"successful":1,"skipped":0,"failed":0},"hits":{"total":{"value":12,"relation":"eq"},"max_score":1.0,"hits":[{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"1","_score":1.0,"_source":{"id":1,"name":"招牌海苔单人餐","tags":["寿司"],"price":9.9,"sales":1000,"score":4.7,"store_id":1,"store_name":"M多寿司","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:01:00"}},...]}}

1.2 全文检索（match）

可以使用

match

进行全文搜索匹配（类似于 SQL 中的

like %%

），搜索的字段类型要是

text

类型才能生效。下例中搜索"my_product"索引，搜索字段使用 “name”：

GET/mt_product/_search
{"query":{"match":{"name":"好吃的寿司"}}}

响应：

{"took":0,"timed_out":false,"_shards":{"total":1,"successful":1,"skipped":0,"failed":0},"hits":{"total":{"value":2,"relation":"eq"},"max_score":1.7955686,"hits":[{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"3","_score":1.7955686,"_source":{"id":3,"name":"三文鱼寿司","tags":["寿司,鱼肉"],"price":16.9,"sales":820,"score":4.9,"store_id":2,"store_name":"爱食寿司","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:03:00"}},{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"4","_score":1.6760855,"_source":{"id":4,"name":"极上全品寿司套餐","tags":["寿司"],"price":25,"sales":1500,"score":4.6,"store_id":2,"store_name":"爱食寿司","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:04:00"}}]}}

1.3 多字段全文检索（multi_match）

有的时候同一个搜索请求，要应用到多个字段上，那么使用

multi_match

即可实现，如下例：

GET/mt_product/_search
{"query":{"multi_match":{"query":"好吃的寿司","fields":["name","store_name"]}}}

响应：

{"took":0,"timed_out":false,"_shards":{"total":1,"successful":1,"skipped":0,"failed":0},"hits":{"total":{"value":4,"relation":"eq"},"max_score":1.7955686,"hits":[{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"3","_score":1.7955686,"_source":{"id":3,"name":"三文鱼寿司","tags":["寿司,鱼肉"],"price":16.9,"sales":820,"score":4.9,"store_id":2,"store_name":"爱食寿司","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:03:00"}},{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"4","_score":1.6760855,"_source":{"id":4,"name":"极上全品寿司套餐","tags":["寿司"],"price":25,"sales":1500,"score":4.6,"store_id":2,"store_name":"爱食寿司","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:04:00"}},{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"1","_score":0.84174097,"_source":{"id":1,"name":"招牌海苔单人餐","tags":["寿司"],"price":9.9,"sales":1000,"score":4.7,"store_id":1,"store_name":"M多寿司","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:01:00"}},{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"2","_score":0.84174097,"_source":{"id":2,"name":"1-2人招牌双拼套餐","tags":["寿司"],"price":18.9,"sales":1200,"score":4.8,"store_id":1,"store_name":"M多寿司","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:02:00"}}]}}

二、精确匹配

精确匹配应用查找结构化的数据，一般使用

keyword

类型，应避免使用

text

类型。

2.1 精确查询（term）

根据精确值进行查询，类似于 SQL 中的

=

，示例：

GET/mt_product/_search
{"query":{"term":{"store_id":{"value":"1"}}}}

响应结果：

{"took":0,"timed_out":false,"_shards":{"total":1,"successful":1,"skipped":0,"failed":0},"hits":{"total":{"value":2,"relation":"eq"},"max_score":1.6486585,"hits":[{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"1","_score":1.6486585,"_source":{"id":1,"name":"招牌海苔单人餐","tags":["寿司"],"price":9.9,"sales":1000,"score":4.7,"store_id":1,"store_name":"M多寿司","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:01:00"}},{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"2","_score":1.6486585,"_source":{"id":2,"name":"1-2人招牌双拼套餐","tags":["寿司"],"price":18.9,"sales":1200,"score":4.8,"store_id":1,"store_name":"M多寿司","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:02:00"}}]}}

2.2 精确查询（terms）

terms

可以匹配多个值，类似于 SQL 中的

in(...)

，示例：

GET/mt_product/_search
{"query":{"terms":{"store_id":[1,2]}}}

响应结果：

{"took":1,"timed_out":false,"_shards":{"total":1,"successful":1,"skipped":0,"failed":0},"hits":{"total":{"value":4,"relation":"eq"},"max_score":1.0,"hits":[{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"1","_score":1.0,"_source":{"id":1,"name":"招牌海苔单人餐","tags":["寿司"],"price":9.9,"sales":1000,"score":4.7,"store_id":1,"store_name":"M多寿司","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:01:00"}},{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"2","_score":1.0,"_source":{"id":2,"name":"1-2人招牌双拼套餐","tags":["寿司"],"price":18.9,"sales":1200,"score":4.8,"store_id":1,"store_name":"M多寿司","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:02:00"}},{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"3","_score":1.0,"_source":{"id":3,"name":"三文鱼寿司","tags":["寿司,鱼肉"],"price":16.9,"sales":820,"score":4.9,"store_id":2,"store_name":"爱食寿司","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:03:00"}},{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"4","_score":1.0,"_source":{"id":4,"name":"极上全品寿司套餐","tags":["寿司"],"price":25,"sales":1500,"score":4.6,"store_id":2,"store_name":"爱食寿司","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:04:00"}}]}}

2.3 主键查询（ids）

根据多个主键查询，类似于 SQL 中的

id in (...)

，示例：

GET/mt_product/_search
{"query":{"ids":{"values":[10,11]}}}

响应结果：

{"took":0,"timed_out":false,"_shards":{"total":1,"successful":1,"skipped":0,"failed":0},"hits":{"total":{"value":2,"relation":"eq"},"max_score":1.0,"hits":[{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"10","_score":1.0,"_source":{"id":10,"name":"双层原味板烧鸡腿麦满分四件套","tags":["汉堡,鸡肉"],"price":29,"sales":3000,"score":4.8,"store_id":5,"store_name":"麦当劳","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:10:00"}},{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"11","_score":1.0,"_source":{"id":11,"name":"火腿扒麦满分组合","tags":["汉堡"],"price":8,"sales":100000,"score":4.9,"store_id":5,"store_name":"麦当劳","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:11:00"}}]}}

2.4 范围查询（range）

查找一个范围，类似于 SQL 中的

>

、

≥

、

<

、

≤

，示例：

GET/mt_product/_search
{"query":{"range":{"price":{"gte":10,"lte":20}}}}

响应结果：

{"took":1,"timed_out":false,"_shards":{"total":1,"successful":1,"skipped":0,"failed":0},"hits":{"total":{"value":3,"relation":"eq"},"max_score":1.0,"hits":[{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"2","_score":1.0,"_source":{"id":2,"name":"1-2人招牌双拼套餐","tags":["寿司"],"price":18.9,"sales":1200,"score":4.8,"store_id":1,"store_name":"M多寿司","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:02:00"}},{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"3","_score":1.0,"_source":{"id":3,"name":"三文鱼寿司","tags":["寿司,鱼肉"],"price":16.9,"sales":820,"score":4.9,"store_id":2,"store_name":"爱食寿司","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:03:00"}},{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"9","_score":1.0,"_source":{"id":9,"name":"霸道小酥鸡+薯霸王","tags":["汉堡,鸡肉"],"price":19,"sales":300,"score":4.2,"store_id":4,"store_name":"汉堡王","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:09:00"}}]}}

三、布尔查询（bool）

布尔查询就是一个或多个子句的组合，每一个子句都是一个子查询，根据组合的方式可分为下面几种类型：

• must：必须匹配每个子句，类似于 SQL 中的 and，参与评分。
• should：可以匹配任意子句，类似于 SQL 中的 or，参与评分。
• must_not：必须不匹配每个子类，类似于 SQL中的 not in，不参与评分。
• filter：过滤上下文，它与 must 的不同之处是不会影响匹配文档的分数。

3.1 必须匹配（must）

我们要查询 tag 为“寿司”，并且价格小于等于 15 块钱，就可以使用这样：

GET/mt_product/_search
{"query":{"bool":{"must":[{"match":{"tags":"寿司"}},{"range":{"price":{"lte":15}}}]}}}

响应结果：

{"took":0,"timed_out":false,"_shards":{"total":1,"successful":1,"skipped":0,"failed":0},"hits":{"total":{"value":1,"relation":"eq"},"max_score":2.228378,"hits":[{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"1","_score":2.228378,"_source":{"id":1,"name":"招牌海苔单人餐","tags":["寿司"],"price":9.9,"sales":1000,"score":4.7,"store_id":1,"store_name":"M多寿司","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:01:00"}}]}}

3.2 可以匹配（should）

查询 tag 为“鱼肉”，或者 store_name 为“麦当劳”，可以这样查询：

GET/mt_product/_search
{"query":{"bool":{"should":[{"match":{"tags":"鱼肉"}},{"match":{"store_name":"麦当劳"}}]}}}

响应结果：

{"took":0,"timed_out":false,"_shards":{"total":1,"successful":1,"skipped":0,"failed":0},"hits":{"total":{"value":4,"relation":"eq"},"max_score":1.9003463,"hits":[{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"3","_score":1.9003463,"_source":{"id":3,"name":"三文鱼寿司","tags":["寿司,鱼肉"],"price":16.9,"sales":820,"score":4.9,"store_id":2,"store_name":"爱食寿司","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:03:00"}},{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"10","_score":1.6119244,"_source":{"id":10,"name":"双层原味板烧鸡腿麦满分四件套","tags":["汉堡,鸡肉"],"price":29,"sales":3000,"score":4.8,"store_id":5,"store_name":"麦当劳","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:10:00"}},{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"11","_score":1.6119244,"_source":{"id":11,"name":"火腿扒麦满分组合","tags":["汉堡"],"price":8,"sales":100000,"score":4.9,"store_id":5,"store_name":"麦当劳","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:11:00"}},{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"12","_score":1.6119244,"_source":{"id":12,"name":"原味板烧鸡腿麦满组件","tags":["汉堡,鸡肉"],"price":9.9,"sales":140000,"score":4.9,"store_id":5,"store_name":"麦当劳","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:12:00"}}]}}

3.3 不匹配（must_not）

查询 store_name 不是“麦当劳”，并且 tags 不包含“寿司”，可以这样查询：

GET/mt_product/_search
{"query":{"bool":{"must_not":[{"match":{"store_name":"麦当劳"}},{"match":{"tags":"寿司"}}]}}}

响应结果：

{"took":0,"timed_out":false,"_shards":{"total":1,"successful":1,"skipped":0,"failed":0},"hits":{"total":{"value":5,"relation":"eq"},"max_score":0.0,"hits":[{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"5","_score":0.0,"_source":{"id":5,"name":"劲脆鸡腿汉堡","tags":["汉堡,鸡肉"],"price":21.5,"sales":200,"score":4.5,"store_id":3,"store_name":"肯德基","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:05:00"}},{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"6","_score":0.0,"_source":{"id":6,"name":"香辣鸡腿汉堡","tags":["汉堡,鸡肉"],"price":21.5,"sales":98,"score":4.4,"store_id":3,"store_name":"肯德基","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:06:00"}},{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"7","_score":0.0,"_source":{"id":7,"name":"20块香辣鸡翅","tags":["鸡肉"],"price":99,"sales":5,"score":4.8,"store_id":3,"store_name":"肯德基","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:07:00"}},{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"8","_score":0.0,"_source":{"id":8,"name":"3层芝士年堡套餐","tags":["汉堡"],"price":29,"sales":4000,"score":4.9,"store_id":4,"store_name":"汉堡王","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:08:00"}},{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"9","_score":0.0,"_source":{"id":9,"name":"霸道小酥鸡+薯霸王","tags":["汉堡,鸡肉"],"price":19,"sales":300,"score":4.2,"store_id":4,"store_name":"汉堡王","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:09:00"}}]}}

3.4 过滤器（filter）

filter

过滤的结果不会影响原查询的得分。比如我们在上一条查询的基础上，增加 store_name 为“汉堡王”，其查询结果的得分，与上一条查询的得分是一样的。

GET/mt_product/_search
{"query":{"bool":{"must_not":[{"match":{"store_name":"麦当劳"}},{"match":{"tags":"寿司"}}],"filter":[{"match":{"store_name":"汉堡王"}}]}}}

响应结果：

{"took":6,"timed_out":false,"_shards":{"total":1,"successful":1,"skipped":0,"failed":0},"hits":{"total":{"value":2,"relation":"eq"},"max_score":0.0,"hits":[{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"8","_score":0.0,"_source":{"id":8,"name":"3层芝士年堡套餐","tags":["汉堡"],"price":29,"sales":4000,"score":4.9,"store_id":4,"store_name":"汉堡王","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:08:00"}},{"_index":"mt_product","_type":"_doc","_id":"9","_score":0.0,"_source":{"id":9,"name":"霸道小酥鸡+薯霸王","tags":["汉堡,鸡肉"],"price":19,"sales":300,"score":4.2,"store_id":4,"store_name":"汉堡王","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:09:00"}}]}}

附录

附录一：mt_product 索引 demo 脚本

PUT mt_product
{"mappings":{"properties":{"id":{"type":"long"},"name":{"type":"text","analyzer":"ik_max_word"},"tags":{"type":"text","analyzer":"ik_max_word"},"price":{"type":"float"},"sales":{"type":"integer"},"score":{"type":"float"},"store_id":{"type":"keyword"},"store_name":{"type":"text","analyzer":"ik_max_word"},"create_time":{"type":"date"}}}}

附录二：mt_product 数据 demo 脚本

POST/mt_product/_doc/1{"id":1,"name":"招牌海苔单人餐","tags":["寿司"],"price":9.9,"sales":1000,"score":4.7,"store_id":1,"store_name":"M多寿司","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:01:00"}POST/mt_product/_doc/2{"id":2,"name":"1-2人招牌双拼套餐","tags":["寿司"],"price":18.9,"sales":1200,"score":4.8,"store_id":1,"store_name":"M多寿司","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:02:00"}POST/mt_product/_doc/3{"id":3,"name":"三文鱼寿司","tags":["寿司,鱼肉"],"price":16.9,"sales":820,"score":4.9,"store_id":2,"store_name":"爱食寿司","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:03:00"}POST/mt_product/_doc/4{"id":4,"name":"极上全品寿司套餐","tags":["寿司"],"price":25,"sales":1500,"score":4.6,"store_id":2,"store_name":"爱食寿司","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:04:00"}POST/mt_product/_doc/5{"id":5,"name":"劲脆鸡腿汉堡","tags":["汉堡,鸡肉"],"price":21.5,"sales":200,"score":4.5,"store_id":3,"store_name":"肯德基","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:05:00"}POST/mt_product/_doc/6{"id":6,"name":"香辣鸡腿汉堡","tags":["汉堡,鸡肉"],"price":21.5,"sales":98,"score":4.4,"store_id":3,"store_name":"肯德基","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:06:00"}POST/mt_product/_doc/7{"id":7,"name":"20块香辣鸡翅","tags":["鸡肉"],"price":99,"sales":5,"score":4.8,"store_id":3,"store_name":"肯德基","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:07:00"}POST/mt_product/_doc/8{"id":8,"name":"3层芝士年堡套餐","tags":["汉堡"],"price":29,"sales":4000,"score":4.9,"store_id":4,"store_name":"汉堡王","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:08:00"}POST/mt_product/_doc/9{"id":9,"name":"霸道小酥鸡+薯霸王","tags":["汉堡,鸡肉"],"price":19,"sales":300,"score":4.2,"store_id":4,"store_name":"汉堡王","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:09:00"}POST/mt_product/_doc/10{"id":10,"name":"双层原味板烧鸡腿麦满分四件套","tags":["汉堡,鸡肉"],"price":29,"sales":3000,"score":4.8,"store_id":5,"store_name":"麦当劳","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:10:00"}POST/mt_product/_doc/11{"id":11,"name":"火腿扒麦满分组合","tags":["汉堡"],"price":8,"sales":100000,"score":4.9,"store_id":5,"store_name":"麦当劳","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:11:00"}POST/mt_product/_doc/12{"id":12,"name":"原味板烧鸡腿麦满组件","tags":["汉堡,鸡肉"],"price":9.9,"sales":140000,"score":4.9,"store_id":5,"store_name":"麦当劳","create_time":"2023-01-18 08:12:00"}

系列文章

🔥 Elasticsearch 核心技术（一）：Elasticsearch 安装、配置、运行（Windows 版）
🔥 Elasticsearch 核心技术（二）：elasticsearch-head 插件安装和使用
🔥 Elasticsearch 核心技术（三）：Kibana 安装、配置、运行（Windows 版）
🔥 Elasticsearch 核心技术（四）：索引管理、映射管理、文档管理（REST API）
🔥 Elasticsearch 核心技术（五）：常用数据类型详解
🔥 Elasticsearch 核心技术（六）：内置的 8 种分词器详解 + 代码示例
🔥 Elasticsearch 核心技术（七）：IK 中文分词器的安装、使用、自定义字典

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