前言
hello,各位小伙伴,大家好!本章文章为大家介绍MySQL中提供的内置函数,了解了这些内置函数之后,在以后数据库中对数据的操作会更加游刃有余。
接下来,就让我们一起来看看吧!
1.日期函数
如下表所示:
a.获取年月日
mysql> select current_date();
+----------------+
| current_date() |
+----------------+
| 2023-07-02 |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
b.获取时分秒
mysql> select current_time();
+----------------+
| current_time() |
+----------------+
| 11:03:37 |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
c.获得时间戳
mysql> select current_timestamp();
+---------------------+
| current_timestamp() |
+---------------------+
| 2023-07-02 11:04:54 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
注:在MySQL中时间戳是转换为年月日时分秒显示的
d.在日期的基础上加日期:
--在日期的基础上加上10天
mysql> select date_add('2023-7-02',interval 10 day);
+---------------------------------------+
| date_add('2023-7-02',interval 10 day) |
+---------------------------------------+
| 2023-07-12 |
+---------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
e.在日期的基础上减去日期
mysql> select date_sub('2023-07-02',interval 10 day);
+----------------------------------------+
| date_sub('2023-07-02',interval 10 day) |
+----------------------------------------+
| 2023-06-22 |
+----------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
f.计算两个日期之间相差多少天
mysql> select datediff('2022-3-31','2023-7-02');
+-----------------------------------+
| datediff('2022-3-31','2023-7-02') |
+-----------------------------------+
| -458 |
+-----------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
g.获取当前日期的年月日和时分秒
mysql> select now();
+---------------------+
| now() |
+---------------------+
| 2023-07-02 11:12:51 |
+---------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
上面介绍了每种函数的功能和使用方法,下面我们就一起来看看在表中是如何使用的:
案例:
创建一张表,记录生日
mysql> create table if not exists tmp( id int primary key auto_increment, birthday date );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)
添加当前日期
mysql> insert into tmp(birthday) values(current_date());
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select* from tmp;
+----+------------+
| id | birthday |
+----+------------+
| 1 | 2023-07-02 |
+----+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
案例:
创建一个留言表
mysql> create table if not exists msg(
-> id int primary key auto_increment,
-> content varchar(30) not null,
-> sendtime datetime
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.04 sec)
插入数据
mysql> insert into msg (content,sendtime)values('每天进步一点点,坚持带来大改变',now());
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into msg (content,sendtime)values('纸上得来终觉浅,绝知此事要躬行',now());
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select* from msg;
+----+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| id | content | sendtime |
+----+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------+
| 1 | 每天进步一点点,坚持带来大改变 | 2023-07-02 11:24:12 |
| 2 | 纸上得来终觉浅,绝知此事要躬行 | 2023-07-02 11:24:46 |
+----+-----------------------------------------------+---------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
显示所有留言信息,发布日期只显示日期,不用显示时间
mysql> select content,date(sendtime) from msg;
+-----------------------------------------------+----------------+
| content | date(sendtime) |
+-----------------------------------------------+----------------+
| 每天进步一点点,坚持带来大改变 | 2023-07-02 |
| 纸上得来终觉浅,绝知此事要躬行 | 2023-07-02 |
+-----------------------------------------------+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
请查询在2分钟内发布的帖子
实现思路:如图所示
mysql> select* from msg where date_add(sendtime,interval 2 minute) > now();
+----+-----------------------+---------------------+
| id | content | sendtime |
+----+-----------------------+---------------------+
| 3 | 天生我材必有用 | 2023-07-02 11:34:36 |
| 4 | 千金散尽还复来 | 2023-07-02 11:35:12 |
+----+-----------------------+---------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
2.字符串函数
如下表所示:
** 案例**
a.获取emp表的ename列的字符集
mysql> select charset(ename) from emp;
+----------------+
| charset(ename) |
+----------------+
| utf8 |
| utf8 |
| utf8 |
| utf8 |
| utf8 |
| utf8 |
| utf8 |
| utf8 |
| utf8 |
| utf8 |
| utf8 |
| utf8 |
| utf8 |
| utf8 |
+----------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
b.要求显示exam_result表中的信息,显示格式:“XXX的语文是XXX分,数学XXX分,英语XXX分”
mysql> select concat(name,'的语文是:',chinese,'分,数学是:',math,'分,英语是:',english,'分') '分数' from exam_result;
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 分数 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 唐三藏的语文是:67分,数学是:98分,英语是:56分 |
| 孙悟空的语文是:87分,数学是:78分,英语是:77分 |
| 猪悟能的语文是:88分,数学是:98分,英语是:90分 |
| 曹孟德的语文是:82分,数学是:84分,英语是:67分 |
| 刘玄德的语文是:55分,数学是:85分,英语是:45分 |
| 孙权的语文是:70分,数学是:73分,英语是:78分 |
| 宋公明的语文是:75分,数学是:65分,英语是:30分 |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
c.求学生表中学生姓名占用的字节数
mysql> select name,length(name) 字节 from student;
+--------+--------+
| name | 字节 |
+--------+--------+
| 张三 | 6 |
| 李四 | 6 |
| 王五 | 6 |
| 张飞 | 6 |
| 刘备 | 6 |
+--------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
注意:length函数返回字符串长度,以字节为单位。如果是多字节字符则计算多个字节数;如果是单字节字符则算作一个字节。比如:字母,数字算作一个字节,中文表示多个字节数(与字符集编码有关)
d.将EMP表中所有名字中有S的替换成'上海'
mysql> select replace(ename,'S','上海') ename from emp;
+------------+
| ename |
+------------+
| 上海MITH |
| ALLEN |
| WARD |
| JONE上海 |
| MARTIN |
| BLAKE |
| CLARK |
| 上海COTT |
| KING |
| TURNER |
| ADAM上海 |
| JAME上海 |
| FORD |
| MILLER |
+------------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
e.截取EMP表中ename字段的第二个到第三个字符
mysql> select substring(ename,2,2),ename from emp;
+----------------------+--------+
| substring(ename,2,2) | ename |
+----------------------+--------+
| MI | SMITH |
| LL | ALLEN |
| AR | WARD |
| ON | JONES |
| AR | MARTIN |
| LA | BLAKE |
| LA | CLARK |
| CO | SCOTT |
| IN | KING |
| UR | TURNER |
| DA | ADAMS |
| AM | JAMES |
| OR | FORD |
| IL | MILLER |
+----------------------+--------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
f.以首字母小写的方式显示所有员工的姓名
mysql> select concat(lcase(substring(ename,1,1)),substring(ename,2)), ename from emp;
+--------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| concat(lcase(substring(ename,1,1)),substring(ename,2)) | ename |
+--------------------------------------------------------+--------+
| sMITH | SMITH |
| aLLEN | ALLEN |
| wARD | WARD |
| jONES | JONES |
| mARTIN | MARTIN |
| bLAKE | BLAKE |
| cLARK | CLARK |
| sCOTT | SCOTT |
| kING | KING |
| tURNER | TURNER |
| aDAMS | ADAMS |
| jAMES | JAMES |
| fORD | FORD |
| mILLER | MILLER |
+--------------------------------------------------------+--------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
3.数学函数
如下表所示:
绝对值:
mysql> select abs(-20.3);
+------------+
| abs(-20.3) |
+------------+
| 20.3 |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
十进制转换为二进制:
mysql> select bin(10);
+---------+
| bin(10) |
+---------+
| 1010 |
+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
转换成16进制:
mysql> select hex(15);
+---------+
| hex(15) |
+---------+
| F |
+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
进制转换:
--将数字10由10进制转换为2进制
mysql> select conv(10,10,2);
+---------------+
| conv(10,10,2) |
+---------------+
| 1010 |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
向上取整:
mysql> select ceiling(3.14);
+---------------+
| ceiling(3.14) |
+---------------+
| 4 |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select ceiling(-3.14);
+----------------+
| ceiling(-3.14) |
+----------------+
| -3 |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
向下取整:
mysql> select floor(3.14);
+-------------+
| floor(3.14) |
+-------------+
| 3 |
+-------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select floor(-3.14);
+--------------+
| floor(-3.14) |
+--------------+
| -4 |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
保留两位小数位数:
mysql> select format(3.1415926535,2);
+------------------------+
| format(3.1415926535,2) |
+------------------------+
| 3.14 |
+------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
产生随机数:范围[0.0,1.0)
mysql> select rand();
+--------------------+
| rand() |
+--------------------+
| 0.8258876640590724 |
+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select rand();
+--------------------+
| rand() |
+--------------------+
| 0.9942531697398547 |
+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
4.其它函数
user() 查询当前用户
mysql> select user();
+----------------+
| user() |
+----------------+
| root@localhost |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
md5(str)对一个字符串进行md5摘要,摘要后得到一个32位字符串
mysql> select md5('hello');
+----------------------------------+
| md5('hello') |
+----------------------------------+
| 5d41402abc4b2a76b9719d911017c592 |
+----------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
database()显示当前正在使用的数据库
mysql> select database();
+------------+
| database() |
+------------+
| scott |
+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
password()函数,MySQL数据库使用该函数对用户加密
mysql> select password('hellow');
+-------------------------------------------+
| password('hellow') |
+-------------------------------------------+
| *D04430B5DD8059E94D70AA54A6CD32D3019E5771 |
+-------------------------------------------+
1 row in set, 1 warning (0.02 sec)
ifnull(val1, val2) 如果val1为null,返回val2,否则返回val1的值
mysql> select ifnull(10,20);
+---------------+
| ifnull(10,20) |
+---------------+
| 10 |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select ifnull(null,20);
+-----------------+
| ifnull(null,20) |
+-----------------+
| 20 |
+-----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
总结
本篇文章为大家详细介绍了MySQL中的常用内置函数,掌握了这些内置函数之后,在以后的数据库中对数据的操作可以更加方便,实现更多的需求。
我们下次再见!
版权归原作者 终为nullptr 所有, 如有侵权,请联系我们删除。