【Git学习笔记】零基础入门学习Git

1. 学习目标

掌握Git企业应用开发的基本操作以及背后原理，掌握工作区、暂存区、版本库的区别
掌握Git的版本管理，例如版本回退、撤销、修改等操作
掌握Git的分支管理，例如创建分支、合并分支、删除分支
掌握本地仓库与远程仓库之间的区别，达到个人企业级开发水准
了解团队协作开发，以及常见的模型

2. Git的安装

环境：宝塔Linux环境（腾讯云服务器）
使用命令如下：

# centos安装sudo yum install-ygit# centos移除sudo yum remove -ygit# ubantu安装sudoapt-getinstall-ygit# ubantu移除sudoapt-get remove -ygit# 查看git是否安装成功（版本）git--version

3. Git学习

3.1 Day01

前置工作：

如何初始化本地仓库：git init，执行该命令后就会在当前目录生成一个**.git**文件，这个.git文件就是版本库
如何配置用户名以及邮箱： 1. 配置用户名称：git [--global] config user.name "xxx"2. 配置用户邮箱：git [--global] config user.email "xxx"

可以使用

git config -l

查看配置信息

# 配置namegit config user.name "ricejson"# 配置emailgit config user.email "[email protected]"# 查看配置git config -l# 移除namegit config --unset user.name
# 移除emailgit config --unset user.email
# 配置全局namegit config --global user.name "ricejson"# 配置全局emailgit config --global user.email "[email protected]"

将工作区文件添加到暂存区中：git add ./具体文件
将暂存区文件添加到master分支下：git commit -m "具体描述信息"
可以使用git log --pretty=oneline命令查看历史提交信息

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# touch readme[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# ls
readme
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# vim readme [root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git add readme[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git commit -m "add readme file"[master (root-commit) c85412b]add readme file1file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 100644 readme
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git log 
commit c85412bc2d6e2e7b1c94b1c9f3b36c44fd6a4826 (HEAD -> master)
Author: ricejson <[email protected]>
Date:   Mon May 13 00:55:20 2024 +0800
    add readme file

.git文件内容（版本库）：

index：标识暂存区/索引区中的内容
head：指针，指向master分支下最新提交的记录
objects：对象区，每一次对于工作区文件的修改都会对应到对象区中的一个.git对象

3.2 Day02

3.2.1 git status 命令

git追踪的是文件的修改而非文件本身！
我们需要清楚的了解到工作区与暂存区的文件是不一样的
输入

git status

命令可以查看仓库当前的状态，用来查看该文件内容是否相较于之前提交的版本有所修改

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# ls
readme
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git status
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)(use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
    modified:   readme

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

我们可以看出readme文件已经被修改了，但是还没有进行添加和提交
当我们使用

git add readme

可以进行添加

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git add readme [root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git status
On branch master
Changes to be committed:
  (use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage)
    modified:   readme

当我们对readme文件添加到暂存区后，git status会显示待commited

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git commit -m "add readme"[master 689991b]add readme
 1file changed, 1 insertion(+)[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working tree clean

当我们进行commit之后会显示当前tree 是clean的

3.2.2 git diff 命令

git status命令可以让我们知道哪些文件被修改了，但是我们无法看到具体修改的内容，但是git diff命令就可以查看文件的差异：

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git add readme [root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# vim readme [root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git diff readmediff--git a/readme b/readme
index 8c7ca04..045403d 100644
--- a/readme
+++ b/readme
@@ -2,3 +2,5 @@ hello git
 hello world!
 
 ricejson
+
+one line
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git diff HEAD -- readmediff--git a/readme b/readme
index 15ca5b9..045403d 100644
--- a/readme
+++ b/readme
@@ -1,2 +1,6 @@
 hello git-hello world!t
+hello world!
+
+ricejson
+
+one line

git diff filename：查看工作区与暂存区中文件的差异
git diff HEAD -- filename：查看工作区和版本库中文件的差异

3.2.3 git reset 版本回退命令

命令：

git reset [--soft | --mixed | --hard] [HEAD]

–mixed为默认参数：表示将版本库以及暂存区内容回退到指定版本，工作区内容不变
–soft：表示将版本库内容回退到指定版本，工作区以及暂存区内容不变
–hard：表示将版本库、工作区、暂存区都回退到指定版本
HEAD：表示回退到当前版本，HEAD^、HEAD~1表示上一个版本，以此类推

现在我们想回退到v2版本，因此需要使用–hard参数

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git log --pretty=oneline
f4b771d0709db09cc5b5eb4e62335a755154209e (HEAD -> master) update readme v3
3662918784e02c58608b814ecba90e53292e581d update readme v2
689991ba08bd08804de26123c388b9b0d666e4f0 add readme
c85412bc2d6e2e7b1c94b1c9f3b36c44fd6a4826 add readme file[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git reset --hard 3662918784e02c58608b814ecba90e53292e581d
HEAD is now at 3662918 update readme v2
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# vim readme [root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git log --pretty=oneline
3662918784e02c58608b814ecba90e53292e581d (HEAD -> master) update readme v2
689991ba08bd08804de26123c388b9b0d666e4f0 add readme
c85412bc2d6e2e7b1c94b1c9f3b36c44fd6a4826 add readme file

但是现在我又后悔了，想回到v3版本应该怎么办？此时git log无法查看v3的提交id，还好Git还提供了一个命令

git reflog

进行补救：

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git reflog3662918(HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: reset: moving to 3662918784e02c58608b814ecba90e53292e581d
f4b771d HEAD@{1}: commit: update readme v3
3662918(HEAD -> master) HEAD@{2}: commit: update readme v2
689991b HEAD@{3}: commit: add readme
c85412b HEAD@{4}: commit (initial): add readme file[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git reset --hard f4b771d
HEAD is now at f4b771d update readme v3
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git log --pretty=oneline
f4b771d0709db09cc5b5eb4e62335a755154209e (HEAD -> master) update readme v3
3662918784e02c58608b814ecba90e53292e581d update readme v2
689991ba08bd08804de26123c388b9b0d666e4f0 add readme
c85412bc2d6e2e7b1c94b1c9f3b36c44fd6a4826 add readme file

3.2.4 撤销修改命令

Case1：对于工作区中的代码还没有进行add操作
命令：

git checkout -- [file]

，可以将工作区的代码回到最近一次add或者commit的状态

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# vim readme [root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git status
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)(use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
    modified:   readme

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git checkout -- readme[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working tree clean

Case2：对于工作区中的代码已经进行add操作，但是还没有commit
方式一：使用回退命令：

git reset --hard HEAD

直接回退到当前版本
方式二：使用命令：

git reset --mixed HEAD

此时就回到了Case1的情况，然后继续执行git checkout – [file]命令
Case3：已经commit提交
使用回退命令：

git reset --hard HEAD^

直接回退到上一版本

3.2.5 删除命令

命令：git rm [file]

git rm [file]相当于rm [file] + git add file1的结合体

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git commit -m "add file1"[master e907760]add file1
 1file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 file1
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working tree clean
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git rm file1rm'file1'[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git status
On branch master
Changes to be committed:
  (use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage)
    deleted:    file1

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git commit -m "remove file1"[master 6e35bc4] remove file1
 1file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 file1

3.3 Day03

3.3.1 git branch 命令

查看当前所有的分支：

**git branch**

之前我们观察到的.git目录下HEAD指针其实是指向master分支
而master分支则对应指向该分支下的提交记录

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat .git/HEAD
ref: refs/heads/master
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat .git/refs/heads/master
6e35bc4cab6906b0cb074e2af434b6dca77bb71f
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git cat-file -p 6e35bc4cab6906b0cb074e2af434b6dca77bb71f
tree 6ef62311f0d21fa88145f6e5c8e70bd80cd861b8
parent e907760d8466f84b3d655b287df15bebc50f83a5
author ricejson <[email protected]>1715595900 +0800
committer ricejson <[email protected]>1715595900 +0800

remove file1

新建分支：

**git branch dev**

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git branch dev[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git branch
  dev
* master
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat .git/HEAD
ref: refs/heads/master
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# tree .git
.git
├── branches
├── COMMIT_EDITMSG
├── config
├── description
├── HEAD
├── hooks
│   ├── applypatch-msg.sample
│   ├── commit-msg.sample
│   ├── fsmonitor-watchman.sample
│   ├── post-update.sample
│   ├── pre-applypatch.sample
│   ├── pre-commit.sample
│   ├── pre-merge-commit.sample
│   ├── prepare-commit-msg.sample
│   ├── pre-push.sample
│   ├── pre-rebase.sample
│   ├── pre-receive.sample
│   ├── push-to-checkout.sample
│   ├── sendemail-validate.sample
│   └── update.sample
├── index
├── info
│   └── exclude
├── logs
│   ├── HEAD
│   └── refs
│       └── heads
│           ├── dev
│           └── master
├── objects
│   ├── 04
│   │   └── 5403d976be5fbc25a531b5c924e664b3221fc6
│   ├── 15
│   │   └── ca5b906102a278626835d25f3d740c71ec3374
│   ├── 22
│   │   └── d19a942e422df71b16f6169eb65c27894d5a97
│   ├── 36
│   │   └── 62918784e02c58608b814ecba90e53292e581d
│   ├── 68
│   │   └── 9991ba08bd08804de26123c388b9b0d666e4f0
│   ├── 6e
│   │   ├── 35bc4cab6906b0cb074e2af434b6dca77bb71f
│   │   ├── 84d6a5ed71a327ba3376cac9801558d9ea2e80
│   │   └── f62311f0d21fa88145f6e5c8e70bd80cd861b8
│   ├── 8c
│   │   └── 7ca049e4ed76db4c19a2391ef45b749f8ae8c4
│   ├── 8d
│   │   └── 0e41234f24b6da002d962a26c2495ea16a425f
│   ├── 8e
│   │   └── 3bde47132a2d53b6c01daf870702fba582aeff
│   ├── c8
│   │   └── 5412bc2d6e2e7b1c94b1c9f3b36c44fd6a4826
│   ├── cd
│   │   └── 979bb355c3c301ed85b46c2b712e7a259625e0
│   ├── de
│   │   └── 55f88aa577ebe8b1294c26e0315470bd7bb8d4
│   ├── e5
│   │   └── c092dc5d9fcb8fdcd53fe30142957a503cc681
│   ├── e6
│   │   └── 9de29bb2d1d6434b8b29ae775ad8c2e48c5391
│   ├── e9
│   │   └── 07760d8466f84b3d655b287df15bebc50f83a5
│   ├── eb
│   │   └── b76d2d63485465b349f945977bbed134ed0f04
│   ├── f4
│   │   └── b771d0709db09cc5b5eb4e62335a755154209e
│   ├── info
│   └── pack
├── ORIG_HEAD
└── refs
    ├── heads
    │   ├── dev
    │   └── master
    └── tags

29 directories, 45 files

3.3.2 git checkout 切换所在分支

切换当前分支：

git checkout 分支名

创建分支同时切换所在分支：

git checkout -b 分支名

3.3.3 git merge 合并分支

合并分支命令：

git merge 分支名

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git branch
  dev
* master
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git checkout dev
Switched to branch 'dev'[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git branch
* dev
  master
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# ls
readme
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# vim readme[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat readme 
hello git
hello world!

ricejson

one line

dev branch
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git add .[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git commit -m "add merge branch content"[dev febf6ee]add merge branch content
 1file changed, 2 insertions(+)[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git status
On branch dev
nothing to commit, working tree clean
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat readme 
hello git
hello world!

ricejson

one line
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git merge dev
Updating 6e35bc4..febf6ee
Fast-forward
 readme |2 ++
 1file changed, 2 insertions(+)[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working tree clean
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git log --pretty=oneline
febf6ee072d3f48c6bc1e46a60cb2d650f3a575f (HEAD -> master, dev)add merge branch content
6e35bc4cab6906b0cb074e2af434b6dca77bb71f remove file1
e907760d8466f84b3d655b287df15bebc50f83a5 add file1
f4b771d0709db09cc5b5eb4e62335a755154209e update readme v3
3662918784e02c58608b814ecba90e53292e581d update readme v2
689991ba08bd08804de26123c388b9b0d666e4f0 add readme
c85412bc2d6e2e7b1c94b1c9f3b36c44fd6a4826 add readme file[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat readme 
hello git
hello world!

ricejson

one line

dev branch

3.3.4 git branch -d 删除分支

删除某个分支：

git branch -d 分支名

需要注意：只有在不同的分支下才能删除别的分支，例如想要删除dev分支，则不能在dev分支下操作，而应该在master分支下进行

3.3.5 演示合并冲突

步骤一：新建一个dev1分支，将readme新增add dev1内容，并进行提交
步骤二：在master分支下将readme新增add master内容，并进行提交
步骤三：进行合并操作

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git branch dev1[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git branch
  dev1
* master
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git checkout dev1
Switched to branch 'dev1'[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git branch
* dev1
  master
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# vim readme [root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat readme 
hello git
hello world!

ricejson

one line

dev branch

add dev1
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git add .[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git commit -m "add dev1"[dev1 f1c4920]add dev1
 1file changed, 2 insertions(+)[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat readme 
hello git
hello world!

ricejson

one line

dev branch
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# vim readme [root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git add .[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git commit -m "add master"[master 6eb52f9]add master
 1file changed, 2 insertions(+)[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git log --pretty=oneline
6eb52f96f549ad74d35813dc8567797019660735 (HEAD -> master)add master
febf6ee072d3f48c6bc1e46a60cb2d650f3a575f add merge branch content
6e35bc4cab6906b0cb074e2af434b6dca77bb71f remove file1
e907760d8466f84b3d655b287df15bebc50f83a5 add file1
f4b771d0709db09cc5b5eb4e62335a755154209e update readme v3
3662918784e02c58608b814ecba90e53292e581d update readme v2
689991ba08bd08804de26123c388b9b0d666e4f0 add readme
c85412bc2d6e2e7b1c94b1c9f3b36c44fd6a4826 add readme file[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git merge dev1
Auto-merging readme
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in readme
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat readme 
hello git
hello world!

ricejson

one line

dev branch

<<<<<<< HEAD
add master
=======add dev1
>>>>>>> dev1
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# vim readme [root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git add .[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git commit -m "add master"[master 4717bf6]add master
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git merge dev1
Already up to date.

解决方法：当出现冲突之后，打开readme文件已经为我们展示了冲突区域，只需要选择最后修改保留的结果，删除冲突部分即可，最后记得要进行提交！！！然后再合并就OK了

3.4 Day04

分支策略：

线上环境运行的都是master分支下的代码，因此master要保证稳定性
而其余分支例如dev就是开发人员开发的分支，是没有经过测试的因此会出现bug等不稳定因素

3.4.1 bug分支

现在有这样一种情况：master分支下又新建了一个dev分支开发别的业务，但是此时突然发现master分支代码存在bug，因此需要修复
注意：不能在master分支下直接修复bug！因为线上环境一定要保证稳定
最佳实践：

步骤一：先在reslove_bug分支下修复正确代码，然后进行提交并合并到master分支下
步骤二：在dev分支下，将master分支合并到dev分支下，然后解决冲突再进行提交
步骤三：最后将dev分支合并到master分支下

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git checkout -b dev
Switched to a new branch 'dev'[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git branch
* dev
  master
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# ls
readme
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# vim readme [root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git add .[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git commit -m "add coding"[dev e6d2c36]add coding
 1file changed, 2 insertions(+)[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# ls
readme
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat readme
hello git
hello world!

ricejson

one line

dev branch

add master
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# vim readme [root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git checkout -b reslove_bug
Switched to a new branch 'reslove_bug'[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# vim readme [root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git add .[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git commit  -m "add reslove bug"[reslove_bug 267809e]add reslove bug
 1file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat readme 
hello git
hello world!

ricejson

one line

dev branch

add master
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git merge reslove_bug
Updating 4717bf6..267809e
Fast-forward
 readme |2 +-
 1file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat readme 
hello git
hello world!

ricejson

one line

dev branch

add master reslove bug
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git checkout dev
Switched to branch 'dev'[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat readme 
hello git
hello world!

ricejson

one line

dev branch

add master

i am coding...
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git merge master
Auto-merging readme
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in readme
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# vim readme [root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git add .[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git commit -m "merge reslove bug to dev"[dev 95fff14] merge reslove bug to dev
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git merge -m "merge master to dev" master
Already up to date.
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat readme 
hello git
hello world!

ricejson

one line

dev branch

add master reslove bug
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git merge dev -m "merge dev to master"
Updating 267809e..95fff14
Fast-forward (no commit created;-m option ignored)
 readme |2 ++
 1file changed, 2 insertions(+)[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat readme 
hello git
hello world!

ricejson

one line

dev branch

add master reslove bug

i am coding...
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git log --graph --pretty=oneline
*   95fff140599ed8d3ef010f5e8ad280570f46b1a7 (HEAD -> master, dev) merge reslove bug to dev
|\| * 267809ed8ec8759bea2ac269ed4b1217081beba7 (reslove_bug)add reslove bug
* | e6d2c366dfae0c939715c5ae52abe70d894923bd add coding
|/  
*   4717bf64651c6f05c64a5a136a72814305365b75 add master
|\| * f1c4920a23ab59a6eedd692defa071e66ed623d6 add dev1
* | 6eb52f96f549ad74d35813dc8567797019660735 add master
|/  
* febf6ee072d3f48c6bc1e46a60cb2d650f3a575f add merge branch content
* 6e35bc4cab6906b0cb074e2af434b6dca77bb71f remove file1
* e907760d8466f84b3d655b287df15bebc50f83a5 add file1
* f4b771d0709db09cc5b5eb4e62335a755154209e update readme v3
* 3662918784e02c58608b814ecba90e53292e581d update readme v2
* 689991ba08bd08804de26123c388b9b0d666e4f0 add readme
* c85412bc2d6e2e7b1c94b1c9f3b36c44fd6a4826 add readme file[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]#

3.4.2 强制删除分支

前面我们已经使用过

git branch -d 分支名

进行删除分支，
但是这种情况下我们只能够删除已经合并过后的分支，但是如果该分支我们没有进行合并操作，那就必须使用强制删除：

git branch -D 分支名

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git branch dev1[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git checkout dev1
Switched to branch 'dev1'[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# vim readme [root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git add .[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git commit -m "add coding again"[dev1 2428a7d]add coding again
 1file changed, 2 insertions(+)[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# cat readme 
hello git
hello world!

ricejson

one line

dev branch

add master reslove bug

i am coding...

i am coding again
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git branch -d dev1
error: The branch 'dev1' is not fully merged.
If you are sure you want to delete it, run 'git branch -D dev1'.[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git branch -D dev1
Deleted branch dev1 (was 2428a7d).
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos gitcode]# git branch
* master

3.5 Day05

3.5.1 克隆远程仓库

首先需要查看本地主目录下有无/root/.ssh/id_rsa以及.ssh/id_rsa.pub这两个秘钥
【上述步骤没有则需要执行】ssh-keygen -t rsa -C "wjjbangbangbang@163.com"生成密钥
将id_rsa.pub中的公钥内容复制到gitee平台配置中
然后使用SSH协议执行git clone命令克隆仓库

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos home]# git clone [email protected]:eat-rice-well/remote-gitcode.git
Cloning into 'remote-gitcode'...
The authenticity of host'gitee.com (180.76.198.77)' can't be established.
ED25519 key fingerprint is SHA256:+ULzij2u99B9eWYFTw1Q4ErYG/aepHLbu96PAUCoV88.
This key is not known by any other names.
Are you sure you want to continue connecting (yes/no/[fingerprint])? yes
Warning: Permanently added 'gitee.com' (ED25519) to the list of known hosts.
remote: Enumerating objects: 7, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (7/7), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (7/7), done.
remote: Total 7(delta 0), reused 0(delta 0), pack-reused 0
Receiving objects: 100% (7/7), done.
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos home]# ls
gitcode  lighthouse  remote-gitcode  springboot  www
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos home]# cd remote-gitcode[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# ls
README.en.md  README.md
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git config -luser.name=ricejson
[email protected]
core.repositoryformatversion=0core.filemode=true
core.bare=false
core.logallrefupdates=true
[email protected]:eat-rice-well/remote-gitcode.git
remote.origin.fetch=+refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
branch.master.remote=origin
branch.master.merge=refs/heads/master
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git config --unset user.name[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git config -luser.name=ricejson
[email protected]
core.repositoryformatversion=0core.filemode=true
core.bare=false
core.logallrefupdates=true
[email protected]:eat-rice-well/remote-gitcode.git
remote.origin.fetch=+refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
branch.master.remote=origin
branch.master.merge=refs/heads/master
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git config --global user.name "米饭好好吃"[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git config -luser.name=米饭好好吃
[email protected]
core.repositoryformatversion=0core.filemode=true
core.bare=false
core.logallrefupdates=true
[email protected]:eat-rice-well/remote-gitcode.git
remote.origin.fetch=+refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
branch.master.remote=origin
branch.master.merge=refs/heads/master

3.5.2 推送到远程仓库

命令：

git push origin(远程仓库名) master(本地分支):master(远程分支)

如果本地分支和远程分支一致，可以简写为

git push origin master

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# ls
file.txt  README.en.md  README.md
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# vim file.txt[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git add .[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git commit -m "add file.txt"[master 07ad17b]add file.txt
 1file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 100644 file.txt
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git status
On branch master
Your branch is ahead of 'origin/master' by 1 commit.
  (use "git push" to publish your local commits)

nothing to commit, working tree clean
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git push origin master:master
Enumerating objects: 4, done.
Counting objects: 100% (4/4), done.
Delta compression using up to 2 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 293 bytes |293.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 3(delta 1), reused 0(delta 0), pack-reused 0
remote: Powered by GITEE.COM [GNK-6.4]
To gitee.com:eat-rice-well/remote-gitcode.git
   e84d96b..07ad17b  master -> master

3.5.3 从远程仓库进行拉取

命令：

git pull origin(远程仓库名) master(远程分支名):master(本地分支名)

注意：

如果本地分支和远程分支一致，可以简写为git pull origin master
pull命令执行了两件事，一件是clone代码，另一件就是进行merge合并

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git pull origin master:master
remote: Enumerating objects: 5, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (5/5), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
remote: Total 3(delta 1), reused 0(delta 0), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), 975 bytes |975.00 KiB/s, done.
From gitee.com:eat-rice-well/remote-gitcode
   07ad17b..ae0b3ba  master     -> master
   07ad17b..ae0b3ba  master     -> origin/master
warning: fetch updated the current branch head.
fast-forwarding your working tree from
commit 07ad17b0133c2b604511760c131bc166415d1496.
Already up to date.
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# vim file.txt [root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# cat file.txt
hello git
hello world
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]#

3.5.4 .gitignore忽略文件

使用方法：

可以使用*.yml忽略所有的.yml格式结尾的文件
可以使用文件名忽略文件
可以使用!表示不忽略该文件
可以使用git add -f 强制添加（可以无视忽略规则）

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# touch .gitignore[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# vim .gitignore [root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# cat .gitignore # 配置忽略文件

*.yml

!test.yml
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# touch application.yml[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git status
On branch master
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'.

Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)(use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
    modified:   file.txt

Untracked files:
  (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
    .gitignore

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# touch test.yml[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git status
On branch master
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'.

Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)(use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
    modified:   file.txt

Untracked files:
  (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
    .gitignore
    test.yml

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

如果要查看为什么某个文件被忽略，也可以使用

git check-ignore application.yml

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git check-ignore -v  application.yml
.gitignore:3:*.yml    application.yml

3.5.5 给命令配置别名

命令：

git config --global alias.st status

则我们的git status就相当于git st
对于一些长命令，例如：

git log --pretty=onelone --abbrev-commit

也可以配置成git lpa

3.3.6 标签管理

命令：

查看所有标签：git tag
新增标签：git tag 标签名 commit的id(默认为最新提交id)
删除标签：git tag -d 标签名
给标签生成描述信息：git tag -a 标签名 -m "描述信息" commit_id
展示标签描述信息：git show 标签名

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git tag[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git tag v1.0[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git tag
v1.0
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git log --pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit
13d93bf (HEAD -> master, tag: v1.0)addtest .gitignore file
ae0b3ba (origin/master, origin/HEAD) update file.txt.
07ad17b add file.txt
e84d96b Initial commit
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git tag -a v0.9 -m "important tag" 07ad17b[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git tag
v0.9
v1.0
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git show 07ad17b
commit 07ad17b0133c2b604511760c131bc166415d1496 (tag: v0.9)
Author: 米饭好好吃 <[email protected]>
Date:   Thu May 1614:58:10 2024 +0800

    add file.txt

diff--git a/file.txt b/file.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8d0e412
--- /dev/null
+++ b/file.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+hello git[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]#

将标签推送到远程仓库：git push 指定标签名(--tags表示全部标签)

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git push --tags origin master
Enumerating objects: 8, done.
Counting objects: 100% (8/8), done.
Delta compression using up to 2 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (6/6), 649 bytes |649.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 6(delta 0), reused 0(delta 0), pack-reused 0
remote: Powered by GITEE.COM [GNK-6.4]
To gitee.com:eat-rice-well/remote-gitcode.git
   ae0b3ba..13d93bf  master -> master
 * [new tag]         v0.9 -> v0.9
 * [new tag]         v1.0 -> v1.0

推送移除标签：git push origin :v1.0

[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]# git push origin :v1.0
remote: Powered by GITEE.COM [GNK-6.4]
To gitee.com:eat-rice-well/remote-gitcode.git
 - [deleted]         v1.0
[root@VM-12-4-opencloudos remote-gitcode]#

3.6 Day06—多人协作开发实战

查看远程分支和本地分支：

git branch -a

查看远程分支：

git branch -r

新建并切换分支并与远程分支建立链接：

git checkout -b dev origin/dev

目标：在本地仓库中file.txt文件新增aaa以及bbb内容
环境：存在开发者1以及开发者2，要求开发者1完成aaa，开发者2完成bbb
条件：两个开发者基于同一个分支进行开发

step1：在gitee平台新建分支dev用于开发
step2：在开发者1平台下进行git pull拉取最新代码、在开发者2平台下进行git pull拉取最新代码
step3：在开发者1平台下使用git checkout -b dev origin/dev新建并切换分支，并与远程dev分支建立链接
step4：在dev分支下修改aaa代码并add、commit并push到远程dev分支下
step5：在开发者2平台下进行git checkout -b dev origin/dev新建并切换分支，并与远程dev分支建立链接
step6：在dev分支下修改bbb代码并add、commit并push到远程dev分支下，此时报错，因为出现合并冲突
step7：在开发者2中将远程dev分支下内容进行pull到dev下进行解决冲突，然后重新add、commit、push操作
step8：dev分支合并到master下 1. 方式一：使用提交PR单，交由审核人员进行审核2. 方式二：在本地操作，首先进行git pull拉取最新代码，然后将master分支合并到dev下解决冲突，在提交到本地master分支，然后再由master进行push
step9：最后dev分支开发完毕后删除即可

标签： git 学习笔记

本文转载自: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_62533201/article/details/140911666
版权归原作者 米饭好好吃. 所有，如有侵权，请联系我们删除。

【Git学习笔记】零基础入门学习Git

1. 学习目标

2. Git的安装

3. Git学习

3.1 Day01

3.2 Day02

3.2.1 git status 命令

3.2.2 git diff 命令

3.2.3 git reset 版本回退命令

3.2.4 撤销修改命令

3.2.5 删除命令

3.3 Day03

3.3.1 git branch 命令

3.3.2 git checkout 切换所在分支

3.3.3 git merge 合并分支

3.3.4 git branch -d 删除分支

3.3.5 演示合并冲突

3.4 Day04

3.4.1 bug分支

3.4.2 强制删除分支

3.5 Day05

3.5.1 克隆远程仓库

3.5.2 推送到远程仓库

3.5.3 从远程仓库进行拉取

3.5.4 .gitignore忽略文件

3.5.5 给命令配置别名

3.3.6 标签管理

3.6 Day06—多人协作开发实战

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