Linux Debian上快速安装Docker并运行

要在Debian上安装Docker，可以按照以下步骤进行：

更新系统软件包

在终端中执行以下命令，更新系统软件包：

sudo apt-get update

安装依赖包

在终端中执行以下命令，安装Docker需要的依赖包：

sudo apt-get install apt-transport-https ca-certificates curl gnupg lsb-release

添加Docker官方GPG密钥

在终端中执行以下命令，添加Docker官方GPG密钥：

curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/debian/gpg | sudo gpg --dearmor -o /usr/share/keyrings/docker-archive-keyring.gpg

添加Docker源

在终端中执行以下命令，添加Docker源：

echo \
  "deb [arch=amd64 signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/docker-archive-keyring.gpg] https://download.docker.com/linux/debian \
  $(lsb_release -cs) stable" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/docker.list > /dev/null

更新软件包缓存

在终端中执行以下命令，更新软件包缓存：

sudo apt-get update

安装Docker

在终端中执行以下命令，安装Docker：

sudo apt-get install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io

安装成功输出：

$ sudo apt-get install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required:
  gyp libjs-inherits libjs-is-typedarray libuv1 libuv1-dev
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove them.
The following additional packages will be installed:
  docker-buildx-plugin docker-ce-rootless-extras docker-compose-plugin
Recommended packages:
  slirp4netns
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  docker-buildx-plugin docker-ce-rootless-extras docker-compose-plugin
The following packages will be upgraded:
  containerd.io docker-ce docker-ce-cli
3 upgraded, 3 newly installed, 0 to remove and 376 not upgraded.
Need to get 114 MB of archives.
After this operation, 30.4 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
Get:1 https://download.docker.com/linux/debian buster/stable amd64 docker-buildx-plugin amd64 0.11.1-1~debian.10~buster [28.2 MB]
Get:3 https://download.docker.com/linux/debian buster/stable amd64 docker-ce-cli amd64 5:24.0.4-1~debian.10~buster [13.3 MB]
Get:4 https://download.docker.com/linux/debian buster/stable amd64 docker-ce amd64 5:24.0.4-1~debian.10~buster [22.9 MB]
Get:5 https://download.docker.com/linux/debian buster/stable amd64 docker-ce-rootless-extras amd64 5:24.0.4-1~debian.10~buster [9,034 kB]
Get:6 https://download.docker.com/linux/debian buster/stable amd64 docker-compose-plugin amd64 2.19.1-1~debian.10~buster [11.9 MB]
Fetched 114 MB in 33s (3,407 kB/s)
(Reading database ... 285893 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../0-containerd.io_1.6.21-1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking containerd.io (1.6.21-1) over (1.2.10-2) ...
Selecting previously unselected package docker-buildx-plugin.
Preparing to unpack .../1-docker-buildx-plugin_0.11.1-1~debian.10~buster_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking docker-buildx-plugin (0.11.1-1~debian.10~buster) ...
Replacing files in old package docker-ce-cli (5:19.03.3~3-0~debian-buster) ...
Preparing to unpack .../2-docker-ce-cli_5%3a24.0.4-1~debian.10~buster_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking docker-ce-cli (5:24.0.4-1~debian.10~buster) over (5:19.03.3~3-0~debian-buster) ...
Preparing to unpack .../3-docker-ce_5%3a24.0.4-1~debian.10~buster_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking docker-ce (5:24.0.4-1~debian.10~buster) over (5:19.03.3~3-0~debian-buster) ...
Selecting previously unselected package docker-ce-rootless-extras.
Preparing to unpack .../4-docker-ce-rootless-extras_5%3a24.0.4-1~debian.10~buster_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking docker-ce-rootless-extras (5:24.0.4-1~debian.10~buster) ...
Selecting previously unselected package docker-compose-plugin.
Preparing to unpack .../5-docker-compose-plugin_2.19.1-1~debian.10~buster_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking docker-compose-plugin (2.19.1-1~debian.10~buster) ...
Setting up docker-buildx-plugin (0.11.1-1~debian.10~buster) ...
Setting up containerd.io (1.6.21-1) ...
Installing new version of config file /etc/containerd/config.toml ...
containerd.service is a disabled or a static unit not running, not starting it.
Setting up docker-compose-plugin (2.19.1-1~debian.10~buster) ...
Setting up docker-ce-cli (5:24.0.4-1~debian.10~buster) ...
Setting up docker-ce-rootless-extras (5:24.0.4-1~debian.10~buster) ...
Setting up docker-ce (5:24.0.4-1~debian.10~buster) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.5-2) ...
Processing triggers for systemd (241-7~deb10u8) ...

启动Docker服务

在终端中执行以下命令，启动Docker服务：

sudo systemctl start docker

设置Docker开机自启

在终端中执行以下命令，设置Docker开机自启：

sudo systemctl enable docker

输出：

$ sudo systemctl enable docker
Synchronizing state of docker.service with SysV service script with /lib/systemd/systemd-sysv-install.
Executing: /lib/systemd/systemd-sysv-install enable docker
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/docker.service → /lib/systemd/system/docker.service.

现在，已经成功在Debian上安装了Docker。

查看Docker的运行状态

$ sudo systemctl status docker
● docker.service - Docker Application Container Engine
   Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/docker.service; enabled; vendor preset: enabled)
   Active: active (running) since Tue 2023-07-18 03:57:47 CEST; 32s ago
     Docs: https://docs.docker.com
 Main PID: 15580 (dockerd)
    Tasks: 10
   Memory: 37.0M
   CGroup: /system.slice/docker.service
           └─15580 /usr/bin/dockerd -H fd:// --containerd=/run/containerd/containerd.sock

Jul 18 03:57:43  systemd[1]: Starting Docker Application Container Engine...
Jul 18 03:57:44  dockerd[15580]: time="2023-07-18T03:57:44.057726051+02:00" level=info msg="Starting up"
Jul 18 03:57:44  dockerd[15580]: time="2023-07-18T03:57:44.739870897+02:00" level=info msg="Loading containers: s
Jul 18 03:57:46  dockerd[15580]: time="2023-07-18T03:57:46.424897713+02:00" level=info msg="Loading containers: d
Jul 18 03:57:46  dockerd[15580]: time="2023-07-18T03:57:46.721701044+02:00" level=warning msg="WARNING: No swap l
Jul 18 03:57:46  dockerd[15580]: time="2023-07-18T03:57:46.721748129+02:00" level=info msg="Docker daemon" commit
Jul 18 03:57:46  dockerd[15580]: time="2023-07-18T03:57:46.721848335+02:00" level=info msg="Daemon has completed
Jul 18 03:57:47  dockerd[15580]: time="2023-07-18T03:57:47.436993967+02:00" level=info msg="API listen on /run/do
Jul 18 03:57:47  systemd[1]: Started Docker Application Container Engine.

检查Docker的版本信息

$ sudo docker version
Client: Docker Engine - Community
 Version:           24.0.4
 API version:       1.43
 Go version:        go1.20.5
 Git commit:        3713ee1
 Built:             Fri Jul  7 14:50:58 2023
 OS/Arch:           linux/amd64
 Context:           default

Server: Docker Engine - Community
 Engine:
  Version:          24.0.4
  API version:      1.43 (minimum version 1.12)
  Go version:       go1.20.5
  Git commit:       4ffc614
  Built:            Fri Jul  7 14:50:58 2023
  OS/Arch:          linux/amd64
  Experimental:     false
 containerd:
  Version:          1.6.21
  GitCommit:        3dce8eb055cbb6872793272b4f20ed16117344f8
 runc:
  Version:          1.1.7
  GitCommit:        v1.1.7-0-g860f061
 docker-init:
  Version:          0.19.0
  GitCommit:        de40ad0