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spring6-IOC容器

IOC容器

IOC 是 Inversion of Control 的简写,译为“控制反转”,它不是一门技术,而是一种设计思想,是一个重要的面向对象编程法则,能够指导我们如何设计出松耦合、更优良的程序。

Spring 通过 IoC 容器来管理所有 Java 对象的实例化和初始化,控制对象与对象之间的依赖关系。我们将由 IoC 容器管理的 Java 对象称为 Spring Bean,它与使用关键字 new 创建的 Java 对象没有任何区别。

IoC 容器是 Spring 框架中最重要的核心组件之一,它贯穿了 Spring 从诞生到成长的整个过程。

1、IoC容器

1.1、控制反转(IoC)
  • 控制反转是一种思想。
  • 控制反转是为了降低程序耦合度,提高程序扩展力。
  • 控制反转,反转的是什么?
    • 将对象的创建权利交出去,交给第三方容器负责。- 将对象和对象之间关系的维护权交出去,交给第三方容器负责。
  • 控制反转这种思想如何实现呢?
    • DI(Dependency Injection):依赖注入
1.2、依赖注入

DI(Dependency Injection):依赖注入,依赖注入实现了控制反转的思想。

依赖注入:

  • 指Spring创建对象的过程中,将对象依赖属性通过配置进行注入

依赖注入常见的实现方式包括两种:

  • 第一种:set注入
  • 第二种:构造注入

所以结论是:IOC 就是一种控制反转的思想, 而 DI 是对IoC的一种具体实现。

Bean管理说的是:Bean对象的创建,以及Bean对象中属性的赋值(或者叫做Bean对象之间关系的维护)。

1.3、IoC容器在Spring的实现

Spring 的 IoC 容器就是 IoC思想的一个落地的产品实现。IoC容器中管理的组件也叫做 bean。在创建 bean 之前,首先需要创建IoC 容器。Spring 提供了IoC 容器的两种实现方式:

①BeanFactory

这是 IoC 容器的基本实现,是 Spring 内部使用的接口。面向 Spring 本身,不提供给开发人员使用。

②ApplicationContext

BeanFactory 的子接口,提供了更多高级特性。面向 Spring 的使用者,几乎所有场合都使用 ApplicationContext 而不是底层的 BeanFactory。

③ApplicationContext的主要实现类

在这里插入图片描述
类型名简介ClassPathXmlApplicationContext通过读取类路径下的 XML 格式的配置文件创建 IOC 容器对象FileSystemXmlApplicationContext通过文件系统路径读取 XML 格式的配置文件创建 IOC 容器对象ConfigurableApplicationContextApplicationContext 的子接口,包含一些扩展方法 refresh() 和 close() ,让 ApplicationContext 具有启动、关闭和刷新上下文的能力。WebApplicationContext专门为 Web 应用准备,基于 Web 环境创建 IOC 容器对象,并将对象引入存入 ServletContext 域中。

2、基于XML管理Bean

2.1、搭建子模块spring6-ioc-xml

①搭建模块

搭建方式如:spring-first

②引入配置文件

引入spring-first模块配置文件:beans.xml、log4j2.xml

③添加依赖

<dependencies><!--spring context依赖--><!--当你引入Spring Context依赖之后,表示将Spring的基础依赖引入了--><dependency><groupId>org.springframework</groupId><artifactId>spring-context</artifactId><version>6.0.3</version></dependency><!--junit5测试--><dependency><groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId><artifactId>junit-jupiter-api</artifactId><version>5.3.1</version></dependency><!--log4j2的依赖--><dependency><groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId><artifactId>log4j-core</artifactId><version>2.19.0</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId><artifactId>log4j-slf4j2-impl</artifactId><version>2.19.0</version></dependency></dependencies>

④引入java类

引入spring-first模块java及test目录下实体类

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.bean;publicclassHelloWorld{publicHelloWorld(){System.out.println("无参数构造方法执行");}publicvoidsayHello(){System.out.println("helloworld");}}
packagecom.atguigu.spring6.bean;importorg.junit.jupiter.api.Test;importorg.slf4j.Logger;importorg.slf4j.LoggerFactory;importorg.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;importorg.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;publicclassHelloWorldTest{privateLogger logger =LoggerFactory.getLogger(HelloWorldTest.class);@TestpublicvoidtestHelloWorld(){}}
2.2、实验一:获取bean
①方式一:根据id获取

由于 id 属性指定了 bean 的唯一标识,所以根据 bean 标签的 id 属性可以精确获取到一个组件对象。上个实验中我们使用的就是这种方式。

②方式二:根据类型获取
@TestpublicvoidtestHelloWorld1(){ApplicationContext ac =newClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml");HelloWorld bean = ac.getBean(HelloWorld.class);
    bean.sayHello();}
③方式三:根据id和类型
@TestpublicvoidtestHelloWorld2(){ApplicationContext ac =newClassPathXmlApplicationContext("beans.xml");HelloWorld bean = ac.getBean("helloworld",HelloWorld.class);
    bean.sayHello();}
④注意的地方

当根据类型获取bean时,要求IOC容器中指定类型的bean有且只能有一个

当IOC容器中一共配置了两个:

<beanid="helloworldOne"class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.HelloWorld"></bean><beanid="helloworldTwo"class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.HelloWorld"></bean>

根据类型获取时会抛出异常:

org.springframework.beans.factory.NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type ‘com.atguigu.spring6.bean.HelloWorld’ available: expected single matching bean but found 2: helloworldOne,helloworldTwo

⑤扩展知识

如果组件类实现了接口,根据接口类型可以获取 bean 吗?

可以,前提是bean唯一

如果一个接口有多个实现类,这些实现类都配置了 bean,根据接口类型可以获取 bean 吗?

不行,因为bean不唯一

结论

根据类型来获取bean时,在满足bean唯一性的前提下,其实只是看:『对象 instanceof 指定的类型』的返回结果,只要返回的是true就可以认定为和类型匹配,能够获取到。

java中,instanceof运算符用于判断前面的对象是否是后面的类,或其子类、实现类的实例。如果是返回true,否则返回false。也就是说:用instanceof关键字做判断时, instanceof 操作符的左右操作必须有继承或实现关系

2.3、实验二:依赖注入之setter注入

①创建学生类Student

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.bean;publicclassStudent{privateInteger id;privateString name;privateInteger age;privateString sex;publicStudent(){}publicIntegergetId(){return id;}publicvoidsetId(Integer id){this.id = id;}publicStringgetName(){return name;}publicvoidsetName(String name){this.name = name;}publicIntegergetAge(){return age;}publicvoidsetAge(Integer age){this.age = age;}publicStringgetSex(){return sex;}publicvoidsetSex(String sex){this.sex = sex;}@OverridepublicStringtoString(){return"Student{"+"id="+ id +", name='"+ name +'\''+", age="+ age +", sex='"+ sex +'\''+'}';}}

②配置bean时为属性赋值

spring-di.xml

<beanid="studentOne"class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.Student"><!-- property标签:通过组件类的setXxx()方法给组件对象设置属性 --><!-- name属性:指定属性名(这个属性名是getXxx()、setXxx()方法定义的,和成员变量无关) --><!-- value属性:指定属性值 --><propertyname="id"value="1001"></property><propertyname="name"value="张三"></property><propertyname="age"value="23"></property><propertyname="sex"value="男"></property></bean>

③测试

@TestpublicvoidtestDIBySet(){ApplicationContext ac =newClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-di.xml");Student studentOne = ac.getBean("studentOne",Student.class);System.out.println(studentOne);}
2.4、实验三:依赖注入之构造器注入

①在Student类中添加有参构造

publicStudent(Integer id,String name,Integer age,String sex){this.id = id;this.name = name;this.age = age;this.sex = sex;}

②配置bean

spring-di.xml

<beanid="studentTwo"class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.Student"><constructor-argvalue="1002"></constructor-arg><constructor-argvalue="李四"></constructor-arg><constructor-argvalue="33"></constructor-arg><constructor-argvalue="女"></constructor-arg></bean>

注意:

constructor-arg标签还有两个属性可以进一步描述构造器参数:

  • index属性:指定参数所在位置的索引(从0开始)
  • name属性:指定参数名

③测试

@TestpublicvoidtestDIByConstructor(){ApplicationContext ac =newClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-di.xml");Student studentOne = ac.getBean("studentTwo",Student.class);System.out.println(studentOne);}
2.5、实验四:特殊值处理
①字面量赋值

什么是字面量?

int a = 10;

声明一个变量a,初始化为10,此时a就不代表字母a了,而是作为一个变量的名字。当我们引用a的时候,我们实际上拿到的值是10。

而如果a是带引号的:‘a’,那么它现在不是一个变量,它就是代表a这个字母本身,这就是字面量。所以字面量没有引申含义,就是我们看到的这个数据本身。

<!-- 使用value属性给bean的属性赋值时,Spring会把value属性的值看做字面量 --><propertyname="name"value="张三"/>
②null值
<propertyname="name"><null/></property>

注意:

<propertyname="name"value="null"></property>

以上写法,为name所赋的值是字符串null

③xml实体
<!-- 小于号在XML文档中用来定义标签的开始,不能随便使用 --><!-- 解决方案一:使用XML实体来代替 --><propertyname="expression"value="a &lt; b"/>
④CDATA节
<propertyname="expression"><!-- 解决方案二:使用CDATA节 --><!-- CDATA中的C代表Character,是文本、字符的含义,CDATA就表示纯文本数据 --><!-- XML解析器看到CDATA节就知道这里是纯文本,就不会当作XML标签或属性来解析 --><!-- 所以CDATA节中写什么符号都随意 --><value><![CDATA[a < b]]></value></property>
2.6、实验五:为对象类型属性赋值

①创建班级类Clazz

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.beanpublicclassClazz{privateInteger clazzId;privateString clazzName;publicIntegergetClazzId(){return clazzId;}publicvoidsetClazzId(Integer clazzId){this.clazzId = clazzId;}publicStringgetClazzName(){return clazzName;}publicvoidsetClazzName(String clazzName){this.clazzName = clazzName;}@OverridepublicStringtoString(){return"Clazz{"+"clazzId="+ clazzId +", clazzName='"+ clazzName +'\''+'}';}publicClazz(){}publicClazz(Integer clazzId,String clazzName){this.clazzId = clazzId;this.clazzName = clazzName;}}

②修改Student类

在Student类中添加以下代码:

privateClazz clazz;publicClazzgetClazz(){return clazz;}publicvoidsetClazz(Clazz clazz){this.clazz = clazz;}
方式一:引用外部bean

配置Clazz类型的bean:

<beanid="clazzOne"class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.Clazz"><propertyname="clazzId"value="1111"></property><propertyname="clazzName"value="财源滚滚班"></property></bean>

为Student中的clazz属性赋值:

<beanid="studentFour"class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.Student"><propertyname="id"value="1004"></property><propertyname="name"value="赵六"></property><propertyname="age"value="26"></property><propertyname="sex"value="女"></property><!-- ref属性:引用IOC容器中某个bean的id,将所对应的bean为属性赋值 --><propertyname="clazz"ref="clazzOne"></property></bean>

错误演示:

<beanid="studentFour"class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.Student"><propertyname="id"value="1004"></property><propertyname="name"value="赵六"></property><propertyname="age"value="26"></property><propertyname="sex"value="女"></property><propertyname="clazz"value="clazzOne"></property></bean>

如果错把ref属性写成了value属性,会抛出异常: Caused by: java.lang.IllegalStateException: Cannot convert value of type ‘java.lang.String’ to required type ‘com.atguigu.spring6.bean.Clazz’ for property ‘clazz’: no matching editors or conversion strategy found

意思是不能把String类型转换成我们要的Clazz类型,说明我们使用value属性时,Spring只把这个属性看做一个普通的字符串,不会认为这是一个bean的id,更不会根据它去找到bean来赋值

方式二:内部bean
<beanid="studentFour"class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.Student"><propertyname="id"value="1004"></property><propertyname="name"value="赵六"></property><propertyname="age"value="26"></property><propertyname="sex"value="女"></property><propertyname="clazz"><!-- 在一个bean中再声明一个bean就是内部bean --><!-- 内部bean只能用于给属性赋值,不能在外部通过IOC容器获取,因此可以省略id属性 --><beanid="clazzInner"class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.Clazz"><propertyname="clazzId"value="2222"></property><propertyname="clazzName"value="远大前程班"></property></bean></property></bean>
方式三:级联属性赋值
<beanid="studentFour"class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.Student"><propertyname="id"value="1004"></property><propertyname="name"value="赵六"></property><propertyname="age"value="26"></property><propertyname="sex"value="女"></property><propertyname="clazz"ref="clazzOne"></property><propertyname="clazz.clazzId"value="3333"></property><propertyname="clazz.clazzName"value="最强王者班"></property></bean>
2.7、实验六:为数组类型属性赋值

①修改Student类

在Student类中添加以下代码:

privateString[] hobbies;publicString[]getHobbies(){return hobbies;}publicvoidsetHobbies(String[] hobbies){this.hobbies = hobbies;}

②配置bean

<beanid="studentFour"class="com.atguigu.spring.bean6.Student"><propertyname="id"value="1004"></property><propertyname="name"value="赵六"></property><propertyname="age"value="26"></property><propertyname="sex"value="女"></property><!-- ref属性:引用IOC容器中某个bean的id,将所对应的bean为属性赋值 --><propertyname="clazz"ref="clazzOne"></property><propertyname="hobbies"><array><value>抽烟</value><value>喝酒</value><value>烫头</value></array></property></bean>
2.8、实验七:为集合类型属性赋值
①为List集合类型属性赋值

在Clazz类中添加以下代码:

privateList<Student> students;publicList<Student>getStudents(){return students;}publicvoidsetStudents(List<Student> students){this.students = students;}

配置bean:

<beanid="clazzTwo"class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.Clazz"><propertyname="clazzId"value="4444"></property><propertyname="clazzName"value="Javaee0222"></property><propertyname="students"><list><refbean="studentOne"></ref><refbean="studentTwo"></ref><refbean="studentThree"></ref></list></property></bean>

若为Set集合类型属性赋值,只需要将其中的list标签改为set标签即可

②为Map集合类型属性赋值

创建教师类Teacher:

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.bean;publicclassTeacher{privateInteger teacherId;privateString teacherName;publicIntegergetTeacherId(){return teacherId;}publicvoidsetTeacherId(Integer teacherId){this.teacherId = teacherId;}publicStringgetTeacherName(){return teacherName;}publicvoidsetTeacherName(String teacherName){this.teacherName = teacherName;}publicTeacher(Integer teacherId,String teacherName){this.teacherId = teacherId;this.teacherName = teacherName;}publicTeacher(){}@OverridepublicStringtoString(){return"Teacher{"+"teacherId="+ teacherId +", teacherName='"+ teacherName +'\''+'}';}}

在Student类中添加以下代码:

privateMap<String,Teacher> teacherMap;publicMap<String,Teacher>getTeacherMap(){return teacherMap;}publicvoidsetTeacherMap(Map<String,Teacher> teacherMap){this.teacherMap = teacherMap;}

配置bean:

<beanid="teacherOne"class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.Teacher"><propertyname="teacherId"value="10010"></property><propertyname="teacherName"value="大宝"></property></bean><beanid="teacherTwo"class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.Teacher"><propertyname="teacherId"value="10086"></property><propertyname="teacherName"value="二宝"></property></bean><beanid="studentFour"class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.Student"><propertyname="id"value="1004"></property><propertyname="name"value="赵六"></property><propertyname="age"value="26"></property><propertyname="sex"value="女"></property><!-- ref属性:引用IOC容器中某个bean的id,将所对应的bean为属性赋值 --><propertyname="clazz"ref="clazzOne"></property><propertyname="hobbies"><array><value>抽烟</value><value>喝酒</value><value>烫头</value></array></property><propertyname="teacherMap"><map><entry><key><value>10010</value></key><refbean="teacherOne"></ref></entry><entry><key><value>10086</value></key><refbean="teacherTwo"></ref></entry></map></property></bean>
③引用集合类型的bean
<!--list集合类型的bean--><util:listid="students"><refbean="studentOne"></ref><refbean="studentTwo"></ref><refbean="studentThree"></ref></util:list><!--map集合类型的bean--><util:mapid="teacherMap"><entry><key><value>10010</value></key><refbean="teacherOne"></ref></entry><entry><key><value>10086</value></key><refbean="teacherTwo"></ref></entry></util:map><beanid="clazzTwo"class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.Clazz"><propertyname="clazzId"value="4444"></property><propertyname="clazzName"value="Javaee0222"></property><propertyname="students"ref="students"></property></bean><beanid="studentFour"class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.Student"><propertyname="id"value="1004"></property><propertyname="name"value="赵六"></property><propertyname="age"value="26"></property><propertyname="sex"value="女"></property><!-- ref属性:引用IOC容器中某个bean的id,将所对应的bean为属性赋值 --><propertyname="clazz"ref="clazzOne"></property><propertyname="hobbies"><array><value>抽烟</value><value>喝酒</value><value>烫头</value></array></property><propertyname="teacherMap"ref="teacherMap"></property></bean>

使用util:list、util:map标签必须引入相应的命名空间

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><beansxmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util.xsd
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">
2.9、实验八:p命名空间

引入p命名空间

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><beansxmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util"xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util.xsd
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd">

引入p命名空间后,可以通过以下方式为bean的各个属性赋值

<beanid="studentSix"class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.Student"p:id="1006"p:name="小明"p:clazz-ref="clazzOne"p:teacherMap-ref="teacherMap"></bean>
2.10、实验九:引入外部属性文件

①加入依赖

<!-- MySQL驱动 --><dependency><groupId>mysql</groupId><artifactId>mysql-connector-java</artifactId><version>8.0.30</version></dependency><!-- 数据源 --><dependency><groupId>com.alibaba</groupId><artifactId>druid</artifactId><version>1.2.15</version></dependency>

②创建外部属性文件

在这里插入图片描述

jdbc.user=root
jdbc.password=atguigu
jdbc.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/ssm?serverTimezone=UTC
jdbc.driver=com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver

③引入属性文件

引入context 名称空间

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><beansxmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
       http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd"></beans>
<!-- 引入外部属性文件 --><context:property-placeholderlocation="classpath:jdbc.properties"/>

注意:在使用 context:property-placeholder 元素加载外包配置文件功能前,首先需要在 XML 配置的一级标签 中添加 context 相关的约束。

④配置bean

<beanid="druidDataSource"class="com.alibaba.druid.pool.DruidDataSource"><propertyname="url"value="${jdbc.url}"/><propertyname="driverClassName"value="${jdbc.driver}"/><propertyname="username"value="${jdbc.user}"/><propertyname="password"value="${jdbc.password}"/></bean>

⑤测试

@TestpublicvoidtestDataSource()throwsSQLException{ApplicationContext ac =newClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-datasource.xml");DataSource dataSource = ac.getBean(DataSource.class);Connection connection = dataSource.getConnection();System.out.println(connection);}
2.11、实验十:bean的作用域

①概念

在Spring中可以通过配置bean标签的scope属性来指定bean的作用域范围,各取值含义参加下表:
取值含义创建对象的时机singleton(默认)在IOC容器中,这个bean的对象始终为单实例IOC容器初始化时prototype这个bean在IOC容器中有多个实例获取bean时
如果是在WebApplicationContext环境下还会有另外几个作用域(但不常用):
取值含义request在一个请求范围内有效session在一个会话范围内有效
②创建类User

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.bean;publicclassUser{privateInteger id;privateString username;privateString password;privateInteger age;publicUser(){}publicUser(Integer id,String username,String password,Integer age){this.id = id;this.username = username;this.password = password;this.age = age;}publicIntegergetId(){return id;}publicvoidsetId(Integer id){this.id = id;}publicStringgetUsername(){return username;}publicvoidsetUsername(String username){this.username = username;}publicStringgetPassword(){return password;}publicvoidsetPassword(String password){this.password = password;}publicIntegergetAge(){return age;}publicvoidsetAge(Integer age){this.age = age;}@OverridepublicStringtoString(){return"User{"+"id="+ id +", username='"+ username +'\''+", password='"+ password +'\''+", age="+ age +'}';}}

③配置bean

<!-- scope属性:取值singleton(默认值),bean在IOC容器中只有一个实例,IOC容器初始化时创建对象 --><!-- scope属性:取值prototype,bean在IOC容器中可以有多个实例,getBean()时创建对象 --><beanclass="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.User"scope="prototype"></bean>

④测试

@TestpublicvoidtestBeanScope(){ApplicationContext ac =newClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-scope.xml");User user1 = ac.getBean(User.class);User user2 = ac.getBean(User.class);System.out.println(user1==user2);}
2.12、实验十一:bean生命周期

①具体的生命周期过程

  • bean对象创建(调用无参构造器)
  • 给bean对象设置属性
  • bean的后置处理器(初始化之前)
  • bean对象初始化(需在配置bean时指定初始化方法)
  • bean的后置处理器(初始化之后)
  • bean对象就绪可以使用
  • bean对象销毁(需在配置bean时指定销毁方法)
  • IOC容器关闭

②修改类User

publicclassUser{privateInteger id;privateString username;privateString password;privateInteger age;publicUser(){System.out.println("生命周期:1、创建对象");}publicUser(Integer id,String username,String password,Integer age){this.id = id;this.username = username;this.password = password;this.age = age;}publicIntegergetId(){return id;}publicvoidsetId(Integer id){System.out.println("生命周期:2、依赖注入");this.id = id;}publicStringgetUsername(){return username;}publicvoidsetUsername(String username){this.username = username;}publicStringgetPassword(){return password;}publicvoidsetPassword(String password){this.password = password;}publicIntegergetAge(){return age;}publicvoidsetAge(Integer age){this.age = age;}publicvoidinitMethod(){System.out.println("生命周期:3、初始化");}publicvoiddestroyMethod(){System.out.println("生命周期:5、销毁");}@OverridepublicStringtoString(){return"User{"+"id="+ id +", username='"+ username +'\''+", password='"+ password +'\''+", age="+ age +'}';}}

注意其中的initMethod()和destroyMethod(),可以通过配置bean指定为初始化和销毁的方法

③配置bean

<!-- 使用init-method属性指定初始化方法 --><!-- 使用destroy-method属性指定销毁方法 --><beanclass="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.User"scope="prototype"init-method="initMethod"destroy-method="destroyMethod"><propertyname="id"value="1001"></property><propertyname="username"value="admin"></property><propertyname="password"value="123456"></property><propertyname="age"value="23"></property></bean>

④测试

@TestpublicvoidtestLife(){ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ac =newClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-lifecycle.xml");User bean = ac.getBean(User.class);System.out.println("生命周期:4、通过IOC容器获取bean并使用");
    ac.close();}

⑤bean的后置处理器

bean的后置处理器会在生命周期的初始化前后添加额外的操作,需要实现BeanPostProcessor接口,且配置到IOC容器中,需要注意的是,bean后置处理器不是单独针对某一个bean生效,而是针对IOC容器中所有bean都会执行

创建bean的后置处理器:

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.process;importorg.springframework.beans.BeansException;importorg.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanPostProcessor;publicclassMyBeanProcessorimplementsBeanPostProcessor{@OverridepublicObjectpostProcessBeforeInitialization(Object bean,String beanName)throwsBeansException{System.out.println("☆☆☆"+ beanName +" = "+ bean);return bean;}@OverridepublicObjectpostProcessAfterInitialization(Object bean,String beanName)throwsBeansException{System.out.println("★★★"+ beanName +" = "+ bean);return bean;}}

在IOC容器中配置后置处理器:

<!-- bean的后置处理器要放入IOC容器才能生效 --><beanid="myBeanProcessor"class="com.atguigu.spring6.process.MyBeanProcessor"/>
2.13、实验十二:FactoryBean

①简介

FactoryBean是Spring提供的一种整合第三方框架的常用机制。和普通的bean不同,配置一个FactoryBean类型的bean,在获取bean的时候得到的并不是class属性中配置的这个类的对象,而是getObject()方法的返回值。通过这种机制,Spring可以帮我们把复杂组件创建的详细过程和繁琐细节都屏蔽起来,只把最简洁的使用界面展示给我们。

将来我们整合Mybatis时,Spring就是通过FactoryBean机制来帮我们创建SqlSessionFactory对象的。

/*
 * Copyright 2002-2020 the original author or authors.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */packageorg.springframework.beans.factory;importorg.springframework.lang.Nullable;/**
 * Interface to be implemented by objects used within a {@link BeanFactory} which
 * are themselves factories for individual objects. If a bean implements this
 * interface, it is used as a factory for an object to expose, not directly as a
 * bean instance that will be exposed itself.
 *
 * <p><b>NB: A bean that implements this interface cannot be used as a normal bean.</b>
 * A FactoryBean is defined in a bean style, but the object exposed for bean
 * references ({@link #getObject()}) is always the object that it creates.
 *
 * <p>FactoryBeans can support singletons and prototypes, and can either create
 * objects lazily on demand or eagerly on startup. The {@link SmartFactoryBean}
 * interface allows for exposing more fine-grained behavioral metadata.
 *
 * <p>This interface is heavily used within the framework itself, for example for
 * the AOP {@link org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean} or the
 * {@link org.springframework.jndi.JndiObjectFactoryBean}. It can be used for
 * custom components as well; however, this is only common for infrastructure code.
 *
 * <p><b>{@code FactoryBean} is a programmatic contract. Implementations are not
 * supposed to rely on annotation-driven injection or other reflective facilities.</b>
 * {@link #getObjectType()} {@link #getObject()} invocations may arrive early in the
 * bootstrap process, even ahead of any post-processor setup. If you need access to
 * other beans, implement {@link BeanFactoryAware} and obtain them programmatically.
 *
 * <p><b>The container is only responsible for managing the lifecycle of the FactoryBean
 * instance, not the lifecycle of the objects created by the FactoryBean.</b> Therefore,
 * a destroy method on an exposed bean object (such as {@link java.io.Closeable#close()}
 * will <i>not</i> be called automatically. Instead, a FactoryBean should implement
 * {@link DisposableBean} and delegate any such close call to the underlying object.
 *
 * <p>Finally, FactoryBean objects participate in the containing BeanFactory's
 * synchronization of bean creation. There is usually no need for internal
 * synchronization other than for purposes of lazy initialization within the
 * FactoryBean itself (or the like).
 *
 * @author Rod Johnson
 * @author Juergen Hoeller
 * @since 08.03.2003
 * @param <T> the bean type
 * @see org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanFactory
 * @see org.springframework.aop.framework.ProxyFactoryBean
 * @see org.springframework.jndi.JndiObjectFactoryBean
 */publicinterfaceFactoryBean<T>{/**
     * The name of an attribute that can be
     * {@link org.springframework.core.AttributeAccessor#setAttribute set} on a
     * {@link org.springframework.beans.factory.config.BeanDefinition} so that
     * factory beans can signal their object type when it can't be deduced from
     * the factory bean class.
     * @since 5.2
     */StringOBJECT_TYPE_ATTRIBUTE="factoryBeanObjectType";/**
     * Return an instance (possibly shared or independent) of the object
     * managed by this factory.
     * <p>As with a {@link BeanFactory}, this allows support for both the
     * Singleton and Prototype design pattern.
     * <p>If this FactoryBean is not fully initialized yet at the time of
     * the call (for example because it is involved in a circular reference),
     * throw a corresponding {@link FactoryBeanNotInitializedException}.
     * <p>As of Spring 2.0, FactoryBeans are allowed to return {@code null}
     * objects. The factory will consider this as normal value to be used; it
     * will not throw a FactoryBeanNotInitializedException in this case anymore.
     * FactoryBean implementations are encouraged to throw
     * FactoryBeanNotInitializedException themselves now, as appropriate.
     * @return an instance of the bean (can be {@code null})
     * @throws Exception in case of creation errors
     * @see FactoryBeanNotInitializedException
     */@NullableTgetObject()throwsException;/**
     * Return the type of object that this FactoryBean creates,
     * or {@code null} if not known in advance.
     * <p>This allows one to check for specific types of beans without
     * instantiating objects, for example on autowiring.
     * <p>In the case of implementations that are creating a singleton object,
     * this method should try to avoid singleton creation as far as possible;
     * it should rather estimate the type in advance.
     * For prototypes, returning a meaningful type here is advisable too.
     * <p>This method can be called <i>before</i> this FactoryBean has
     * been fully initialized. It must not rely on state created during
     * initialization; of course, it can still use such state if available.
     * <p><b>NOTE:</b> Autowiring will simply ignore FactoryBeans that return
     * {@code null} here. Therefore it is highly recommended to implement
     * this method properly, using the current state of the FactoryBean.
     * @return the type of object that this FactoryBean creates,
     * or {@code null} if not known at the time of the call
     * @see ListableBeanFactory#getBeansOfType
     */@NullableClass<?>getObjectType();/**
     * Is the object managed by this factory a singleton? That is,
     * will {@link #getObject()} always return the same object
     * (a reference that can be cached)?
     * <p><b>NOTE:</b> If a FactoryBean indicates to hold a singleton object,
     * the object returned from {@code getObject()} might get cached
     * by the owning BeanFactory. Hence, do not return {@code true}
     * unless the FactoryBean always exposes the same reference.
     * <p>The singleton status of the FactoryBean itself will generally
     * be provided by the owning BeanFactory; usually, it has to be
     * defined as singleton there.
     * <p><b>NOTE:</b> This method returning {@code false} does not
     * necessarily indicate that returned objects are independent instances.
     * An implementation of the extended {@link SmartFactoryBean} interface
     * may explicitly indicate independent instances through its
     * {@link SmartFactoryBean#isPrototype()} method. Plain {@link FactoryBean}
     * implementations which do not implement this extended interface are
     * simply assumed to always return independent instances if the
     * {@code isSingleton()} implementation returns {@code false}.
     * <p>The default implementation returns {@code true}, since a
     * {@code FactoryBean} typically manages a singleton instance.
     * @return whether the exposed object is a singleton
     * @see #getObject()
     * @see SmartFactoryBean#isPrototype()
     */defaultbooleanisSingleton(){returntrue;}}

②创建类UserFactoryBean

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.bean;publicclassUserFactoryBeanimplementsFactoryBean<User>{@OverridepublicUsergetObject()throwsException{returnnewUser();}@OverridepublicClass<?>getObjectType(){returnUser.class;}}

③配置bean

<beanid="user"class="com.atguigu.spring6.bean.UserFactoryBean"></bean>

④测试

@TestpublicvoidtestUserFactoryBean(){//获取IOC容器ApplicationContext ac =newClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-factorybean.xml");User user =(User) ac.getBean("user");System.out.println(user);}
2.14、实验十三:基于xml自动装配

自动装配:

根据指定的策略,在IOC容器中匹配某一个bean,自动为指定的bean中所依赖的类类型或接口类型属性赋值

①场景模拟

创建类UserController

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.autowire.controllerpublicclassUserController{privateUserService userService;publicvoidsetUserService(UserService userService){this.userService = userService;}publicvoidsaveUser(){
        userService.saveUser();}}

创建接口UserService

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.autowire.servicepublicinterfaceUserService{voidsaveUser();}

创建类UserServiceImpl实现接口UserService

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.autowire.service.implpublicclassUserServiceImplimplementsUserService{privateUserDao userDao;publicvoidsetUserDao(UserDao userDao){this.userDao = userDao;}@OverridepublicvoidsaveUser(){
        userDao.saveUser();}}

创建接口UserDao

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.autowire.daopublicinterfaceUserDao{voidsaveUser();}

创建类UserDaoImpl实现接口UserDao

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.autowire.dao.implpublicclassUserDaoImplimplementsUserDao{@OverridepublicvoidsaveUser(){System.out.println("保存成功");}}

②配置bean

使用bean标签的autowire属性设置自动装配效果

自动装配方式:byType

byType:根据类型匹配IOC容器中的某个兼容类型的bean,为属性自动赋值

若在IOC中,没有任何一个兼容类型的bean能够为属性赋值,则该属性不装配,即值为默认值null

若在IOC中,有多个兼容类型的bean能够为属性赋值,则抛出异常NoUniqueBeanDefinitionException

<beanid="userController"class="com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.controller.UserController"autowire="byType"></bean><beanid="userService"class="com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.service.impl.UserServiceImpl"autowire="byType"></bean><beanid="userDao"class="com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>

自动装配方式:byName

byName:将自动装配的属性的属性名,作为bean的id在IOC容器中匹配相对应的bean进行赋值

<beanid="userController"class="com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.controller.UserController"autowire="byName"></bean><beanid="userService"class="com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.service.impl.UserServiceImpl"autowire="byName"></bean><beanid="userServiceImpl"class="com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.service.impl.UserServiceImpl"autowire="byName"></bean><beanid="userDao"class="com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean><beanid="userDaoImpl"class="com.atguigu.spring6.autowire.dao.impl.UserDaoImpl"></bean>

③测试

@TestpublicvoidtestAutoWireByXML(){ApplicationContext ac =newClassPathXmlApplicationContext("autowire-xml.xml");UserController userController = ac.getBean(UserController.class);
    userController.saveUser();}

3、基于注解管理Bean(☆)

从 Java 5 开始,Java 增加了对注解(Annotation)的支持,它是代码中的一种特殊标记,可以在编译、类加载和运行时被读取,执行相应的处理。开发人员可以通过注解在不改变原有代码和逻辑的情况下,在源代码中嵌入补充信息。

Spring 从 2.5 版本开始提供了对注解技术的全面支持,我们可以使用注解来实现自动装配,简化 Spring 的 XML 配置。

Spring 通过注解实现自动装配的步骤如下:

  1. 引入依赖
  2. 开启组件扫描
  3. 使用注解定义 Bean
  4. 依赖注入
3.1、搭建子模块spring6-ioc-annotation

①搭建模块

搭建方式如:spring6-ioc-xml

②引入配置文件

引入spring-ioc-xml模块日志log4j2.xml

③添加依赖

<dependencies><!--spring context依赖--><!--当你引入Spring Context依赖之后,表示将Spring的基础依赖引入了--><dependency><groupId>org.springframework</groupId><artifactId>spring-context</artifactId><version>6.0.3</version></dependency><!--junit5测试--><dependency><groupId>org.junit.jupiter</groupId><artifactId>junit-jupiter-api</artifactId></dependency><!--log4j2的依赖--><dependency><groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId><artifactId>log4j-core</artifactId><version>2.19.0</version></dependency><dependency><groupId>org.apache.logging.log4j</groupId><artifactId>log4j-slf4j2-impl</artifactId><version>2.19.0</version></dependency></dependencies>
3.2、开启组件扫描

Spring 默认不使用注解装配 Bean,因此我们需要在 Spring 的 XML 配置中,通过 context:component-scan 元素开启 Spring Beans的自动扫描功能。开启此功能后,Spring 会自动从扫描指定的包(base-package 属性设置)及其子包下的所有类,如果类上使用了 @Component 注解,就将该类装配到容器中。

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><beansxmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd
    http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
            http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd"><!--开启组件扫描功能--><context:component-scanbase-package="com.atguigu.spring6"></context:component-scan></beans>

注意:在使用 context:component-scan 元素开启自动扫描功能前,首先需要在 XML 配置的一级标签 中添加 context 相关的约束。

情况一:最基本的扫描方式

<context:component-scanbase-package="com.atguigu.spring6"></context:component-scan>

情况二:指定要排除的组件

<context:component-scanbase-package="com.atguigu.spring6"><!-- context:exclude-filter标签:指定排除规则 --><!-- 
         type:设置排除或包含的依据
        type="annotation",根据注解排除,expression中设置要排除的注解的全类名
        type="assignable",根据类型排除,expression中设置要排除的类型的全类名
    --><context:exclude-filtertype="annotation"expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/><!--<context:exclude-filter type="assignable" expression="com.atguigu.spring6.controller.UserController"/>--></context:component-scan>

情况三:仅扫描指定组件

<context:component-scanbase-package="com.atguigu"use-default-filters="false"><!-- context:include-filter标签:指定在原有扫描规则的基础上追加的规则 --><!-- use-default-filters属性:取值false表示关闭默认扫描规则 --><!-- 此时必须设置use-default-filters="false",因为默认规则即扫描指定包下所有类 --><!-- 
         type:设置排除或包含的依据
        type="annotation",根据注解排除,expression中设置要排除的注解的全类名
        type="assignable",根据类型排除,expression中设置要排除的类型的全类名
    --><context:include-filtertype="annotation"expression="org.springframework.stereotype.Controller"/><!--<context:include-filter type="assignable" expression="com.atguigu.spring6.controller.UserController"/>--></context:component-scan>
3.3、使用注解定义 Bean

Spring 提供了以下多个注解,这些注解可以直接标注在 Java 类上,将它们定义成 Spring Bean。
注解说明@Component该注解用于描述 Spring 中的 Bean,它是一个泛化的概念,仅仅表示容器中的一个组件(Bean),并且可以作用在应用的任何层次,例如 Service 层、Dao 层等。 使用时只需将该注解标注在相应类上即可。@Repository该注解用于将数据访问层(Dao 层)的类标识为 Spring 中的 Bean,其功能与 @Component 相同。@Service该注解通常作用在业务层(Service 层),用于将业务层的类标识为 Spring 中的 Bean,其功能与 @Component 相同。@Controller该注解通常作用在控制层(如SpringMVC 的 Controller),用于将控制层的类标识为 Spring 中的 Bean,其功能与 @Component 相同。

3.4、实验一:@Autowired注入

单独使用@Autowired注解,默认根据类型装配。【默认是byType】

查看源码:

packageorg.springframework.beans.factory.annotation;importjava.lang.annotation.Documented;importjava.lang.annotation.ElementType;importjava.lang.annotation.Retention;importjava.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;importjava.lang.annotation.Target;@Target({ElementType.CONSTRUCTOR,ElementType.METHOD,ElementType.PARAMETER,ElementType.FIELD,ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE})@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)@Documentedpublic@interfaceAutowired{booleanrequired()defaulttrue;}

源码中有两处需要注意:

  • 第一处:该注解可以标注在哪里?
    • 构造方法上- 方法上- 形参上- 属性上- 注解上
  • 第二处:该注解有一个required属性,默认值是true,表示在注入的时候要求被注入的Bean必须是存在的,如果不存在则报错。如果required属性设置为false,表示注入的Bean存在或者不存在都没关系,存在的话就注入,不存在的话,也不报错。
①场景一:属性注入

创建UserDao接口

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.dao;publicinterfaceUserDao{publicvoidprint();}

创建UserDaoImpl实现

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.dao.impl;importcom.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;importorg.springframework.stereotype.Repository;@RepositorypublicclassUserDaoImplimplementsUserDao{@Overridepublicvoidprint(){System.out.println("Dao层执行结束");}}

创建UserService接口

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.service;publicinterfaceUserService{publicvoidout();}

创建UserServiceImpl实现类

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;importcom.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;importcom.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;importorg.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;importorg.springframework.stereotype.Service;@ServicepublicclassUserServiceImplimplementsUserService{@AutowiredprivateUserDao userDao;@Overridepublicvoidout(){
        userDao.print();System.out.println("Service层执行结束");}}

创建UserController类

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.controller;importcom.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;importorg.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;importorg.springframework.stereotype.Controller;@ControllerpublicclassUserController{@AutowiredprivateUserService userService;publicvoidout(){
        userService.out();System.out.println("Controller层执行结束。");}}

测试一

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.bean;importcom.atguigu.spring6.controller.UserController;importorg.junit.jupiter.api.Test;importorg.slf4j.Logger;importorg.slf4j.LoggerFactory;importorg.springframework.context.ApplicationContext;importorg.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext;publicclassUserTest{privateLogger logger =LoggerFactory.getLogger(UserTest.class);@TestpublicvoidtestAnnotation(){ApplicationContext context =newClassPathXmlApplicationContext("Beans.xml");UserController userController = context.getBean("userController",UserController.class);
        userController.out();
        logger.info("执行成功");}}

测试结果:

在这里插入图片描述

以上构造方法和setter方法都没有提供,经过测试,仍然可以注入成功。

②场景二:set注入

修改UserServiceImpl类

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;importcom.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;importcom.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;importorg.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;importorg.springframework.stereotype.Service;@ServicepublicclassUserServiceImplimplementsUserService{privateUserDao userDao;@AutowiredpublicvoidsetUserDao(UserDao userDao){this.userDao = userDao;}@Overridepublicvoidout(){
        userDao.print();System.out.println("Service层执行结束");}}

修改UserController类

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.controller;importcom.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;importorg.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;importorg.springframework.stereotype.Controller;@ControllerpublicclassUserController{privateUserService userService;@AutowiredpublicvoidsetUserService(UserService userService){this.userService = userService;}publicvoidout(){
        userService.out();System.out.println("Controller层执行结束。");}}

测试:成功调用

③场景三:构造方法注入

修改UserServiceImpl类

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;importcom.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;importcom.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;importorg.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;importorg.springframework.stereotype.Service;@ServicepublicclassUserServiceImplimplementsUserService{privateUserDao userDao;@AutowiredpublicUserServiceImpl(UserDao userDao){this.userDao = userDao;}@Overridepublicvoidout(){
        userDao.print();System.out.println("Service层执行结束");}}

修改UserController类

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.controller;importcom.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;importorg.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;importorg.springframework.stereotype.Controller;@ControllerpublicclassUserController{privateUserService userService;@AutowiredpublicUserController(UserService userService){this.userService = userService;}publicvoidout(){
        userService.out();System.out.println("Controller层执行结束。");}}

测试:成功调用

④场景四:形参上注入

修改UserServiceImpl类

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;importcom.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;importcom.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;importorg.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;importorg.springframework.stereotype.Service;@ServicepublicclassUserServiceImplimplementsUserService{privateUserDao userDao;publicUserServiceImpl(@AutowiredUserDao userDao){this.userDao = userDao;}@Overridepublicvoidout(){
        userDao.print();System.out.println("Service层执行结束");}}

修改UserController类

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.controller;importcom.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;importorg.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;importorg.springframework.stereotype.Controller;@ControllerpublicclassUserController{privateUserService userService;publicUserController(@AutowiredUserService userService){this.userService = userService;}publicvoidout(){
        userService.out();System.out.println("Controller层执行结束。");}}

测试:成功调用

⑤场景五:只有一个构造函数,无注解

修改UserServiceImpl类

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;importcom.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;importcom.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;importorg.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;importorg.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;importorg.springframework.stereotype.Service;@ServicepublicclassUserServiceImplimplementsUserService{@AutowiredprivateUserDao userDao;publicUserServiceImpl(UserDao userDao){this.userDao = userDao;}@Overridepublicvoidout(){
        userDao.print();System.out.println("Service层执行结束");}}

测试通过

当有参数的构造方法只有一个时,@Autowired注解可以省略。

说明:有多个构造方法时呢?大家可以测试(再添加一个无参构造函数),测试报错

⑥场景六:@Autowired注解和@Qualifier注解联合

添加dao层实现

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.dao.impl;importcom.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;importorg.springframework.stereotype.Repository;@RepositorypublicclassUserDaoRedisImplimplementsUserDao{@Overridepublicvoidprint(){System.out.println("Redis Dao层执行结束");}}

测试:测试异常

错误信息中说:不能装配,UserDao这个Bean的数量等于2

怎么解决这个问题呢?当然要byName,根据名称进行装配了。

修改UserServiceImpl类

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;importcom.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;importcom.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;importorg.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;importorg.springframework.stereotype.Service;@ServicepublicclassUserServiceImplimplementsUserService{@Autowired@Qualifier("userDaoImpl")// 指定bean的名字privateUserDao userDao;@Overridepublicvoidout(){
        userDao.print();System.out.println("Service层执行结束");}}

总结

  • @Autowired注解可以出现在:属性上、构造方法上、构造方法的参数上、setter方法上。
  • 当带参数的构造方法只有一个,@Autowired注解可以省略。()
  • @Autowired注解默认根据类型注入。如果要根据名称注入的话,需要配合@Qualifier注解一起使用。
3.5、实验二:@Resource注入

@Resource注解也可以完成属性注入。那它和@Autowired注解有什么区别?

  • @Resource注解是JDK扩展包中的,也就是说属于JDK的一部分。所以该注解是标准注解,更加具有通用性。(JSR-250标准中制定的注解类型。JSR是Java规范提案。)
  • @Autowired注解是Spring框架自己的。
  • @Resource注解默认根据名称装配byName,未指定name时,使用属性名作为name。通过name找不到的话会自动启动通过类型byType装配。
  • @Autowired注解默认根据类型装配byType,如果想根据名称装配,需要配合@Qualifier注解一起用。
  • @Resource注解用在属性上、setter方法上。
  • @Autowired注解用在属性上、setter方法上、构造方法上、构造方法参数上。

@Resource注解属于JDK扩展包,所以不在JDK当中,需要额外引入以下依赖:【如果是JDK8的话不需要额外引入依赖。高于JDK11或低于JDK8需要引入以下依赖。

<dependency><groupId>jakarta.annotation</groupId><artifactId>jakarta.annotation-api</artifactId><version>2.1.1</version></dependency>

源码:

packagejakarta.annotation;importjava.lang.annotation.ElementType;importjava.lang.annotation.Repeatable;importjava.lang.annotation.Retention;importjava.lang.annotation.RetentionPolicy;importjava.lang.annotation.Target;@Target({ElementType.TYPE,ElementType.FIELD,ElementType.METHOD})@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)@Repeatable(Resources.class)public@interfaceResource{Stringname()default"";Stringlookup()default"";Class<?>type()defaultObject.class;Resource.AuthenticationTypeauthenticationType()defaultResource.AuthenticationType.CONTAINER;booleanshareable()defaulttrue;StringmappedName()default"";Stringdescription()default"";publicstaticenumAuthenticationType{CONTAINER,APPLICATION;privateAuthenticationType(){}}}
①场景一:根据name注入

修改UserDaoImpl类

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.dao.impl;importcom.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;importorg.springframework.stereotype.Repository;@Repository("myUserDao")publicclassUserDaoImplimplementsUserDao{@Overridepublicvoidprint(){System.out.println("Dao层执行结束");}}

修改UserServiceImpl类

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;importcom.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;importcom.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;importjakarta.annotation.Resource;importorg.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;importorg.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;importorg.springframework.stereotype.Service;@ServicepublicclassUserServiceImplimplementsUserService{@Resource(name ="myUserDao")privateUserDao myUserDao;@Overridepublicvoidout(){
        myUserDao.print();System.out.println("Service层执行结束");}}

测试通过

②场景二:name未知注入

修改UserDaoImpl类

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.dao.impl;importcom.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;importorg.springframework.stereotype.Repository;@Repository("myUserDao")publicclassUserDaoImplimplementsUserDao{@Overridepublicvoidprint(){System.out.println("Dao层执行结束");}}

修改UserServiceImpl类

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;importcom.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;importcom.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;importjakarta.annotation.Resource;importorg.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;importorg.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;importorg.springframework.stereotype.Service;@ServicepublicclassUserServiceImplimplementsUserService{@ResourceprivateUserDao myUserDao;@Overridepublicvoidout(){
        myUserDao.print();System.out.println("Service层执行结束");}}

测试通过

当@Resource注解使用时没有指定name的时候,还是根据name进行查找,这个name是属性名。

③场景三 其他情况

修改UserServiceImpl类,userDao1属性名不存在

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.service.impl;importcom.atguigu.spring6.dao.UserDao;importcom.atguigu.spring6.service.UserService;importjakarta.annotation.Resource;importorg.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;importorg.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Qualifier;importorg.springframework.stereotype.Service;@ServicepublicclassUserServiceImplimplementsUserService{@ResourceprivateUserDao userDao1;@Overridepublicvoidout(){
        userDao1.print();System.out.println("Service层执行结束");}}

测试异常

根据异常信息得知:显然当通过name找不到的时候,自然会启动byType进行注入,以上的错误是因为UserDao接口下有两个实现类导致的。所以根据类型注入就会报错。

@Resource的set注入可以自行测试

总结:

@Resource注解:默认byName注入,没有指定name时把属性名当做name,根据name找不到时,才会byType注入。byType注入时,某种类型的Bean只能有一个

3.6、Spring全注解开发

全注解开发就是不再使用spring配置文件了,写一个配置类来代替配置文件。

packagecom.atguigu.spring6.config;importorg.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan;importorg.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration;@Configuration//@ComponentScan({"com.atguigu.spring6.controller", "com.atguigu.spring6.service","com.atguigu.spring6.dao"})@ComponentScan("com.atguigu.spring6")publicclassSpring6Config{}

测试类

@TestpublicvoidtestAllAnnotation(){ApplicationContext context =newAnnotationConfigApplicationContext(Spring6Config.class);UserController userController = context.getBean("userController",UserController.class);
    userController.out();
    logger.info("执行成功");}
标签: 后端 java spring

本文转载自: https://blog.csdn.net/m0_62946761/article/details/133387544
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