SQL语句大全（详解）

SQL

前言

在这里插入图片描述
本教程为常用SQL语句的汇总，我把他放到了码云上面，项目地址：https://gitee.com/love-code-bear/java/blob/master/SQL.md

1 DDL

1.1 显示所包含的数据库

SHOW DATABASES;

1.2 创建数据库

CREATE DATABASE db2;
CREATE DATABASE IF NOT EXISTS db2;

1.3 删除数据库

DROP DATABASE db2;
drop DATABASE IF EXISTS db2;

– 查看当前所使用的数据库

SELECT DATABASE();

1.4 使用数据库

use db1;

1.4.1 创建表

CREATE TABLE jd_user(
id int,
username VARCHAR(32),
password VARCHAR(32)
);

1.4.2 查看表的结构

DESC stu;

1.4.3 查看当前数据库下的所有表

USE DATABASE db1;
SHOW TABLES;

1.4.4 基础的增删改查

1.4.4.1 删除表

DROP TABLE tb_user;
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS tb_user;

1.4.4.2 添加列

ALTER TABLE jd_user ADD address VARCHAR(32);

1.4.4.3 修改表名

ALTER TABLE jd_user RENAME TO jd_user;

1.4.4.4 修改数据类型

ALTER TABLE jd_user MODIFY address CHAR(32);
DESC jd_user;

1.4.4.5 修改列名和数据类型

ALTER TABLE jd_user CHANGE address location VARCHAR(64);

1.4.5 查询所有数据

SELECT * FROM jd_user;
SELECT * FROM stu;

2 DML

2.1 给指定列添加数据

2.1.1 修改中文列的编码格式(修改列名和数据类型)：

alter table stu change name name varchar(255) character set utf8;
INSERT INTO stu(id,name) VALUES(1,'张三');

2.1.2 给所有列添加数据

alter table stu change sex sex varchar(255) character set utf8;
INSERT INTO stu(id,name,sex,birthday,score,email,tel,status) VALUES
(2,'lisa','女','1999-11-11',98.00,'[email protected]',1123,1);

2.1.3 给所有列添加数据，列名的列表可以省略

INSERT INTO stu VALUES(3,'小米','男','1998-10-17',93.00,'[email protected]',1433,1);

2.1.4 批量添加

INSERT INTO stu VALUES
(4,'huawei','男','1998-10-17',93.00,'[email protected]',1433,1),
(5,'荣耀','男','1998-10-17',93.00,'[email protected]',1433,1),
(6,'苹果','男','1998-10-17',93.00,'[email protected]',1433,1);

2.2 修改数据

2.2.1 将张三的性别改为男

UPDATE stu SET sex = '男' WHERE name = '张三';

2.2.2 将张三的生日改成2000-02-28，成绩改成99.00

UPDATE stu SET birthday = '2000-02-28',score = '99.00' WHERE name = '张三';

2.2.3 如果update语句没有where条件，则表中的数据全部都被修改

2.3 删除数据

2.3.1 删除小米记录

DELETE FROM stu WHERE name = '小米';

2.4 简单的创建表，添加数据，查询数据

– 使用数据库
USE db1;
– 创建表

CREATE TABLE stu1 (
id int,
name VARCHAR(32),
age int,
sex VARCHAR(4),
address VARCHAR(64),
math DOUBLE(5,2),
english DOUBLE(5,2),
hire_date DATE
);

– 插入数据

ALTER TABLE stu1 CHANGE name name VARCHAR(32) character set utf8;
ALTER TABLE stu1 CHANGE sex sex VARCHAR(4) character set utf8;
ALTER TABLE stu1 CHANGE address address VARCHAR(64) character set utf8;
INSERT INTO stu1(id,name,age,sex,address,math,english,hire_date) 
VALUES
(1,'张一',25,'男','杭州',66.00,78.00,'1998-09-09'),
(2,'张二',24,'女','北京',87.00,76.00,'1996-09-09'),
(3,'张三',22,'男','郑州',94.00,65.00,'1997-09-09'),
(4,'张四',23,'男','合肥',69.00,75.00,'1998-09-09'),
(5,'张五',23,'女','无锡',76.00,79.00,'1999-09-09'),
(6,'张六',24,'女','苏州',88.00,94.00,'1998-03-09'),
(7,'张七',21,'男','南通',89.00,90.00,'1998-05-09'),
(8,'张八',22,'男','南充',98.00,90.00,'1998-07-09');

– 查询所有数据

SELECT * FROM stu1;
USE db1;

3 DQL

3.1 基础查询

3.1.1 查询所有列的数据，列名的列表可以使用*代替

SELECT *FROM stu1;
SELECT `name`,age,sex,address,math,english,hire_date FROM stu1;

3.1.2 查询name age 两列

SELECT `name`,age FROM stu1;

3.1.3 查询英语分数

SELECT english FROM stu1;

3.1.4 去除重复记录

SELECT DISTINCT english FROM stu1;

3.1.5 查询时起别名 as

SELECT name AS 姓名,math AS 数学,english AS 英语 FROM stu1;

3.2 条件查询

3.2.1 查询年龄大于23岁的学员信息

SELECT * FROM stu1    WHERE age > 23;

3.2.2 查询年龄>=24岁的学员信息

SELECT * FROM stu1 WHERE age >= 24;

3.2.3 查询21<=年龄<=23岁的学员信息

SELECT * FROM stu1 WHERE age>=21 AND age <= 23;
SELECT * FROM stu1 WHERE age BETWEEN 21 AND 23;

3.2.4 查询入学时间在1997-05-09–1998-07-09之间的学员信息

SELECT * FROM stu1 WHERE hire_date BETWEEN '1997-05-09' AND '1998-07-09';

3.2.5 查询年龄等于21岁的学员信息

SELECT * FROM stu1 WHERE age = 21;

3.2.6 查询年龄等于21岁或者年龄等于24岁或者年龄等于25岁的学员信息

SELECT * FROM stu1 WHERE age = 21 OR age = 24 OR age = 25;
SELECT * FROM stu1 WHERE age IN(21,24,25);

3.2.7 查询英语成绩为空null的学员信息

SELECT * FROM stu1 WHERE english IS NOT null;

3.3 模糊查询

3.3.1 查询姓’张’的学员信息

SELECT * FROM stu1 WHERE `name` LIKE '张%';
-- 查询第二个字是'三'的学员信息
SELECT * FROM stu1 WHERE `name` LIKE '_三%';
-- 查询名字中含有'四'的学员信息
SELECT * FROM stu1 WHERE `name` LIKE '%四%';

3.4 排序查询

3.4.1 查询学生信息,按照年龄升序排列

SELECT * FROM stu1 ORDER BY age ASC;

3.4.2 查询学生信息,按照数学成绩降序排列

SELECT * FROM stu1 ORDER BY math DESC;

3.4.3 查询学生信息,按照英语成绩降序排列,如果英语成绩一样,再按照数学成绩升序排列

SELECT * FROM stu1 ORDER BY english DESC , math ASC;

3.5 分组查询

3.5.1 聚合函数

3.5.1.1 统计班级有多少个学生

SELECT COUNT(id) FROM stu1;
SELECT COUNT(*) FROM stu1;

3.5.1.2 查询数学成绩最高分

SELECT MAX(math) FROM stu1;

3.5.1.3 查询数学成绩最低分

SELECT MIN(math) FROM stu1;

3.5.1.4 查询数学成绩总分

SELECT SUM(math) FROM stu1;

3.5.1.5 查询数学成绩平均分

SELECT AVG(math) FROM stu1;

3.5.2 分组函数

3.5.2.1 查询男同学和女同学的各自平均分

SELECT sex,AVG(math) FROM stu1 GROUP BY sex;

3.5.2.2 查询男同学和女同学的各自平均分,以及各自人数

SELECT sex,AVG(math),COUNT(*) FROM stu1 GROUP BY sex;

3.5.2.3 查询男同学和女同学的各自平均分,以及各自人数,要求分数低于80的不参与分组

SELECT sex,AVG(math),COUNT(*) FROM stu1 WHERE math > 80 GROUP BY sex;

3.5.2.4 查询男同学和女同学的各自平均分,以及各自人数,要求分数低于80的不参与分组,分组之后人数大于2

SELECT sex,AVG(math),COUNT(*) FROM stu1 WHERE math > 80 GROUP BY sex HAVING COUNT(*) > 2;

3.6 分页查询

SELECT * FROM  stu1;

3.6.1 从0开始查询,查询第一页数据

SELECT  * FROM stu1 LIMIT 0,3;

3.62 每页显示3条数据显示第一页

SELECT  * FROM stu1 LIMIT 0,3;

3.6.3 每页显示3条数据显示第二页

SELECT  * FROM stu1 LIMIT 3,3;

3.6.4 每页显示3条数据显示第三页

SELECT  * FROM stu1 LIMIT 6,3;

3.6.5 每页显示4条数据显示第二页

SELECT  * FROM stu1 LIMIT 4,4;

3.7 约束

3.7.1 字段的约束

-- 员工表
CREATE TABLE emp(
id INT PRIMARY KEY,/*员工id主键，且自增长*/
ename VARCHAR(32) UNIQUE,/*员工姓名，非空且唯一*/
joindate DATE NOT NULL,/*入职日期非空*/
salary DOUBLE(7,2) NOT NULL,/*薪水，非空*/
bonus DOUBLE(7,2) DEFAULT 0/*奖金，默认为0*/
);
DESC emp;
ALTER TABLE emp CHANGE ename ename VARCHAR(32) CHARACTER set utf8;
INSERT INTO emp(id,ename,joindate,salary,bonus) VALUES(1,'张三','1999-11-11',8800,5000);
SELECT * FROM emp;

3.7.2 演示主键约束，非空且唯一

INSERT INTO emp(id,ename,joindate,salary,bonus) VALUES(NULL,'张三','1999-11-11',8800,5000);
INSERT INTO emp(id,ename,joindate,salary,bonus) VALUES(1,'张三','1999-11-11',8800,5000);
INSERT INTO emp(id,ename,joindate,salary,bonus) VALUES(2,'李四','1999-11-11',8800,5000);

3.7.3 演示非空约束

DELETE FROM emp WHERE id = 3;
INSERT INTO emp(id,ename,joindate,salary,bonus) VALUES(3,null,'1999-11-11',8800,5000);

3.7.4 演示唯一约束

INSERT INTO emp(id,ename,joindate,salary,bonus) VALUES(3,'李四','1999-11-11',8800,5000);

3.7.5 对约束的操作

3.7.5.1 删除约束

ALTER TABLE emp MODIFY ename VARCHAR(32) CHARACTER set utf8;

3.7.5.2 添加约束

ALTER TABLE emp MODIFY ename VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL ;
DESC emp;
DROP TABLE emp;

3.7.5.3 外键约束（实例演示）

-- 员工表
CREATE TABLE emp(
id INT PRIMARY KEY auto_increment,/*员工id主键，且自增长*/
name VARCHAR(32),/*员工姓名，非空且唯一*/
age INT,
dep_id INT,/*联系到拎一个表*/
-- 添加一个外键约束
CONSTRAINT fk_emp_dept FOREIGN KEY(dep_id) REFERENCES dept(id)
);
-- 部门表
CREATE TABLE dept(
id INT PRIMARY KEY auto_increment,
dep_name VARCHAR(32),
address VARCHAR(32)
);
DESC emp;
DESC dept;
DROP TABLE emp;
DROP TABLE dept;
ALTER TABLE emp CHANGE name name VARCHAR(32) CHARACTER set utf8;
ALTER TABLE dept CHANGE dep_name dep_name VARCHAR(32) CHARACTER set utf8;
ALTER TABLE dept CHANGE address address VARCHAR(32) CHARACTER set utf8;
INSERT INTO emp (name,age,dep_id) VALUES
('张三',20,1),
('李四',20,1),
('王五',20,1),
('赵六',20,2),
('孙七',22,2),
('周八',18,2);
INSERT INTO dept (dep_name,address) VALUES
('研发部','广州'),
('销售部','深圳');
SELECT * FROM emp;
SELECT * FROM dept;
-- 删除外键
ALTER TABLE emp DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_emp_dept;
-- 添加外键
ALTER TABLE emp ADD CONSTRAINT fk_emp_dept FOREIGN KEY(dep_id) REFERENCES dept(id);

4 外键

使用数据库，展示所有表

USE db1;
SHOW TABLES;

4.1 外键的建立

4.1.1 多对多关系

-- 订单表
CREATE TABLE tb_order(
id INT PRIMARY KEY auto_increment,
payment double(10,2),
payment_type TINYINT,
status TINYINT
);
-- 商品表
CREATE TABLE tb_goods(
id INT PRIMARY KEY auto_increment,
title VARCHAR(100),
price DOUBLE(10,2)
);
-- 中间表
CREATE TABLE tb_order_goods(
id INT PRIMARY KEY auto_increment,
order_id INT,
goods_id INT
);
-- 添加外键
ALTER TABLE tb_order_goods ADD CONSTRAINT fk_order_id FOREIGN KEY(order_id) REFERENCES tb_order(id);
ALTER TABLE tb_order_goods ADD CONSTRAINT fk_goods_id FOREIGN KEY(goods_id) REFERENCES tb_goods(id);
SHOW TABLES;

4.1.2 一对一关系

-- 用户表
CREATE TABLE tb_user(
id INT PRIMARY KEY auto_increment,
photo VARCHAR(100),
name VARCHAR(32),
age INT,
sex VARCHAR(4),
desc_id INT UNIQUE,
CONSTRAINT tb_user_desc FOREIGN KEY(desc_id) REFERENCES tb_user_desc(id) 
);
-- 用户详情表
CREATE TABLE tb_user_desc(
id INT PRIMARY KEY auto_increment,
city VARCHAR(32),
edu VARCHAR(32),
income DOUBLE(7,2),
status TINYINT
);
ALTER TABLE tb_user_desc CHANGE status status VARCHAR(16) CHARACTER set utf8;
INSERT into tb_user_desc(city,edu,income,status) VALUES
('广州','本科',3000,'单身'),
('广州','硕士',12000,'单身');
INSERT into tb_user(photo,`name`,age,sex,desc_id) VALUES
('c盘','林青霞',22,'女',1),
('d盘','风清扬',24,'男',2);
ALTER TABLE tb_user auto_increment = 1;
SELECT * FROM tb_user;
SELECT * FROM tb_user_desc;
DESC tb_user;
DESC tb_user_desc;
DROP TABLE tb_user;

4.1.3 查看所有外键

SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.KEY_COLUMN_USAGE;

4.2 实例演示练习

-- 音乐专辑表名
CREATE TABLE music(
title VARCHAR(32),/*专辑名*/
alias VARCHAR(32),/*专辑别名*/
image VARCHAR(64),/*封面图片*/
style VARCHAR(16),/*流派（经典、流行、民谣）*/
type VARCHAR(8),/*类型（专辑，单曲）*/
medium VARCHAR(8),/*介质（胶片，cd）*/
publish_time DATE,/*发行时间*/
publisher VARCHAR(8),/*出版者*/
number TINYINT,/*唱片数量*/
barcode BIGINT,/*条形码*/
summary VARCHAR(1024),/*简介*/
artist VARCHAR(32),/*艺术家*/
id INT UNIQUE/*编号，唯一*/
);
-- 曲目表名
CREATE TABLE song(
name VARCHAR(32),/*歌曲名*/
serial_number TINYINT,/*歌曲序号*/
id INT UNIQUE/*编号，唯一*/
);
-- 评论表名
CREATE TABLE review(
content VARCHAR(1024),/*评论内容*/
rating TINYINT,/*评分1-5*/
review datetime,/*评论时间*/
content_user_id INT,
content_music_id INT
);
-- 用户表名
CREATE TABLE user(
username VARCHAR(32),
image VARCHAR(64),
signture VARCHAR(64),
name VARCHAR(32),
id INT PRIMARY KEY
);
-- 展示
DESC music;
DESC song;
DESC review;
DESC user;
-- 删除
DROP TABLE music;
DROP TABLE song;
DROP TABLE review;
DROP TABLE user;
-- 专辑和用户的中间表
CREATE TABLE music_user(
id INT PRIMARY KEY auto_increment,
music_id INT,
user_id INT
);
-- 添加专辑和用户外键
ALTER TABLE music_user ADD CONSTRAINT fk_music_id FOREIGN KEY(music_id) REFERENCES music(id);
ALTER TABLE music_user ADD CONSTRAINT fk_user_id FOREIGN KEY(user_id) REFERENCES user(id);
-- 添加短评和用户外键
ALTER TABLE review ADD CONSTRAINT fk_review_user FOREIGN KEY(content_user_id) REFERENCES user(id);
-- 添加短评专辑外键
ALTER TABLE review ADD CONSTRAINT fk_review_music FOREIGN KEY(content_music_id) REFERENCES music(id);
-- 添加曲目和专辑外键
ALTER TABLE song ADD CONSTRAINT fk_song_music FOREIGN KEY(id) REFERENCES music(id);
ALTER TABLE song DROP FOREIGN KEY fk_song_user;

逆向化模型

– 多表查询

SELECT * FROM emp;
SELECT * FROM dept;
SELECT * FROM emp,dept;

– 产生笛卡尔积（有ab两个集合，去a和b所有的组合情况）
– 消除无效数据
– 查询emp和dept的数据，emp.dep_id = dept.id
– 隐式内连接

SELECT * FROM emp,dept WHERE emp.dep_id = dept.id;

– 查询emp的name,age，dept表的dep_name

SELECT emp.`name`,emp.age,dept.dep_name FROM emp,dept WHERE emp.dep_id = dept.id;

– 给表起别名

SELECT t1.`name`,t1.age,t2.dep_name FROM emp AS t1,dept AS t2 WHERE t1.dep_id = t2.id;

– 显式内连接

SELECT * FROM emp LEFT OUTER JOIN dept ON emp.dep_id = dept.id;
SELECT * FROM emp LEFT /*OUTER*/ JOIN dept ON emp.dep_id = dept.id;

– 右外连接

SELECT * FROM emp RIGHT OUTER JOIN dept ON emp.dep_id = dept.id;
SELECT * FROM emp RIGHT /*OUTER*/ JOIN dept ON emp.dep_id = dept.id;
```# 1 DDL

## 1.1  显示所包含的数据库

```mysql
SHOW DATABASES;