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探索云原生技术之容器编排引擎-Kubernetes/K8S详解(1)

❤️作者简介:2022新星计划第三季云原生与云计算赛道Top5🏅、华为云享专家🏅、云原生领域潜力新星🏅

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💗作者目的:如有错误请指正,将来会不断的完善笔记,帮助更多的Java爱好者入门,共同进步!

文章目录

基本理论介绍

什么是云原生

Pivotal公司的Matt Stine于2013年首次提出云原生(Cloud-Native)的概念;2015年,云原生刚推广时,Matt Stine在《迁移到云原生架构》一书中定义了符合云原生架构的几个特征:12因素、微服务、自敏捷架构、基于API协作、扛脆弱性;到了2017年,Matt Stine在接受InfoQ采访时又改了口风,将云原生架构归纳为模块化、可观察、可部署、可测试、可替换、可处理6特质;而Pivotal最新官网对云原生概括为4个要点:DevOps+持续交付+微服务+容器

总而言之,符合云原生架构的应用程序应该是:采用开源堆栈(K8S+Docker)进行容器化,基于微服务架构提高灵活性和可维护性,借助敏捷方法、DevOps支持持续迭代和运维自动化,利用云平台设施实现弹性伸缩、动态调度、优化资源利用率。

此处摘选自《知乎-华为云官方帐号》

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什么是kubernetes

kubernetes,简称K8s,是用8代替8个字符"ubernete"而成的缩写。是一个开源的,用于管理云平台中多个主机上的容器化的应用,Kubernetes的目标是让部署容器化的应用简单并且高效,Kubernetes提供了应用部署,规划,更新,维护的一种机制

传统的应用部署方式:是通过插件或脚本来安装应用。这样做的缺点是应用的运行、配置、管理、所有生存周期将与当前操作系统绑定,这样做并不利于应用的升级更新/回滚等操作,当然也可以通过创建虚拟机的方式来实现某些功能,但是虚拟机非常重,并不利于可移植性。

新的部署方式:是通过部署容器方式实现,每个容器之间互相隔离,每个容器有自己的文件系统 ,容器之间进程不会相互影响,能区分计算资源。相对于虚拟机,容器能快速部署,由于容器与底层设施、机器文件系统解耦的,所以它能在不同云、不同版本操作系统间进行迁移。

容器占用资源少、部署快,每个应用可以被打包成一个容器镜像,每个应用与容器间成一对一关系也使容器有更大优势,使用容器可以在build或release 的阶段,为应用创建容器镜像,因为每个应用不需要与其余的应用堆栈组合,也不依赖于生产环境基础结构,这使得从研发到测试、生产能提供一致环境。类似地,容器比虚拟机轻量、更"透明",这更便于监控和管理。

Kubernetes是Google开源的一个容器编排引擎,它支持自动化部署、大规模可伸缩、应用容器化管理。在生产环境中部署一个应用程序时,通常要部署该应用的多个实例以便对应用请求进行负载均衡。

在Kubernetes中,我们可以创建多个容器,每个容器里面运行一个应用实例,然后通过内置的负载均衡策略,实现对这一组应用实例的管理、发现、访问,而这些细节都不需要运维人员去进行复杂的手工配置和处理。

此处摘选自《百度百科》

kubernetes核心功能

  • 存储系统挂载(数据卷):pod中容器之间共享数据,可以使用数据卷
  • 应用健康检测:容器内服务可能进程阻塞无法处理请求,可以设置监控检查策略保证应用健壮性
  • 应用实例的复制(实现pod的高可用):pod控制器(deployment)维护着pod副本数量(可以自己进行设置,默认为1),保证一个pod或一组同类的pod数量始终可用,如果pod控制器deployment当前维护的pod数量少于deployment设置的pod数量,则会自动生成一个新的pod,以便数量符合pod控制器,形成高可用。
  • Pod的弹性伸缩:根据设定的指标(比如:cpu利用率)自动缩放pod副本数
  • 服务发现:使用环境变量或者DNS插件保证容器中程序发现pod入口访问地址
  • 负载均衡:一组pod副本分配一个私有的集群IP地址,负载均衡转发请求到后端容器。在集群内部其他pod可通过这个clusterIP访问应用
  • 滚动更新:更新服务不会发生中断,一次更新一个pod,而不是同时删除整个服务。
  • 容器编排:通过文件来部署服务,使得应用程序部署变得更高效
  • 资源监控:node节点组件集成cAdvisor资源收集工具,可通过Heapster汇总整个集群节点资源数据,然后存储到InfluxDb时序数据库,再由Grafana展示。
  • 提供认证和授权:支持角色访问控制(RBAC)认证授权等策略

搭建三个虚拟机(1个Master和2个Node)

安装VMware Workstation 16 Pro(若已有VMware则跳过)

  • VMware哪个版本都行,我采用的是VMware Workstation 16 Pro,也会以这个版本来进行讲解。
  • 进入VMware16 Pro官网下载- 滑到最下面就有Windows版本和Linux版本,点击即可自动下载,大家各取所需即可。- 按照提示安装即可。

安装VMware十分简单,这里不进行讲解。

创建并配置新的虚拟机

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虚拟机环境初始化

为每个节点检查操作系统的版本

  • 检查操作系统的版本(要求操作系统的版本至少在centos7.5以上
[root@master ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release
CentOS Linux release 7.9.2009 (Core)

分别关闭每个节点防火墙

  • 关闭firewalld服务
  • 关闭iptables服务
systemctl stop firewalld
systemctl disable firewalld

systemctl stop iptables
systemctl disable iptables

分别给每个节点设置主机名

设置192.168.184.100 k8s主机的主机名
hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-master
设置192.168.184.101 k8s从机(1)的主机名
hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-slave01
设置192.168.184.102 k8s从机(2)的主机名
hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-slave02

分别给每个节点进行主机名解析

  • 为了方便后面集群节点间的直接调用,需要配置一下主机名解析,企业中推荐使用内部的DNS服务器
#1:进入hosts文件vim /etc/hosts

#2:“”追加“”以下内容192.168.184.100 k8s-master
192.168.184.101 k8s-slave01
192.168.184.102 k8s-slave02

分别给每个节点时间同步

  • kubernetes要求集群中的节点时间必须精确一致,所以在每个节点上添加时间同步
[root@master ~]# yum install ntpdate -y
已加载插件:fastestmirror, langpacks
Determining fastest mirrors
 * base: mirrors.dgut.edu.cn
 * extras: mirrors.dgut.edu.cn
 * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
base                                                                                       |3.6 kB  00:00:00     
extras                                                                                     |2.9 kB  00:00:00     
updates                                                                                    |2.9 kB  00:00:00     
(1/4): base/7/x86_64/group_gz                                                              |153 kB  00:00:00     
(2/4): extras/7/x86_64/primary_db                                                          |246 kB  00:00:00     
(3/4): base/7/x86_64/primary_db                                                            |6.1 MB  00:00:05     
(4/4): updates/7/x86_64/primary_db                                                         |15 MB  00:00:09     
软件包 ntpdate-4.2.6p5-29.el7.centos.2.x86_64 已安装并且是最新版本
无须任何处理
[root@master ~]#  ntpdate time.windows.com30 Apr 00:06:26 ntpdate[1896]: adjust time server 20.189.79.72 offset 0.030924 sec

分别为每个节点关闭selinux

查看selinux是否开启
[root@master ~]# getenforce
Enforcing

为每个节点永久关闭selinux(需要重启)

sed -i 's/enforcing/disabled/' /etc/selinux/config

为每个节点永久关闭swap分区

sed -ri 's/.*swap.*/#&/' /etc/fstab

为每个节点将桥接的IPv4流量传递到iptables的链

  • 在每个节点上将桥接的IPv4流量传递到iptables的链
cat> /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf <<EOF
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
vm.swappiness = 0
EOF
# 加载br_netfilter模块
modprobe br_netfilter
# 查看是否加载[root@master ~]# lsmod | grep br_netfilter
br_netfilter           222560 
bridge                1513361 br_netfilter
# 开始生效[root@master ~]# sysctl --system
* Applying /usr/lib/sysctl.d/00-system.conf ...
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables =0
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables =0
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables =0
* Applying /usr/lib/sysctl.d/10-default-yama-scope.conf ...
kernel.yama.ptrace_scope =0
* Applying /usr/lib/sysctl.d/50-default.conf ...
kernel.sysrq =16
kernel.core_uses_pid =1
kernel.kptr_restrict =1
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter =1
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter =1
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route =0
net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route =0
net.ipv4.conf.default.promote_secondaries =1
net.ipv4.conf.all.promote_secondaries =1
fs.protected_hardlinks =1
fs.protected_symlinks =1
* Applying /etc/sysctl.d/99-sysctl.conf ...
* Applying /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf ...
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables =1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables =1
net.ipv4.ip_forward =1
vm.swappiness =0
* Applying /etc/sysctl.conf ...

为每个节点开启ipvs

  • 在kubernetes中service有两种代理模型,一种是基于iptables,另一种是基于ipvs的。ipvs的性能要高于iptables的,但是如果要使用它,需要手动载入ipvs模块。
  • 所有节点安装ipset和ipvsadm:
[root@master ~]# yum -y install ipset ipvsadm
已加载插件:fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
 * base: mirrors.dgut.edu.cn
 * extras: mirrors.dgut.edu.cn
 * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com
软件包 ipset-7.1-1.el7.x86_64 已安装并且是最新版本
正在解决依赖关系
--> 正在检查事务
---> 软件包 ipvsadm.x86_64.0.1.27-8.el7 将被 安装
--> 解决依赖关系完成

依赖关系解决

==================================================================================================================
 Package                    架构                      版本                          源                       大小
==================================================================================================================
正在安装:
 ipvsadm                    x86_64                    1.27-8.el7                    base                     45 k

事务概要
==================================================================================================================
安装  1 软件包

总下载量:45 k
安装大小:75 k
Downloading packages:
警告:/var/cache/yum/x86_64/7/base/packages/ipvsadm-1.27-8.el7.x86_64.rpm: 头V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, 密钥 ID f4a80eb5: NOKEY
ipvsadm-1.27-8.el7.x86_64.rpm 的公钥尚未安装
ipvsadm-1.27-8.el7.x86_64.rpm                                                              |45 kB  00:00:00     
从 file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7 检索密钥
导入 GPG key 0xF4A80EB5:
 用户ID     :"CentOS-7 Key (CentOS 7 Official Signing Key) <[email protected]>"
 指纹       :6341 ab27 53d7 8a78 a7c2 7bb1 24c6 a8a7 f4a8 0eb5
 软件包     : centos-release-7-9.2009.0.el7.centos.x86_64 (@anaconda)
 来自       : /etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
  正在安装    : ipvsadm-1.27-8.el7.x86_64                                                                     1/1 
  验证中      : ipvsadm-1.27-8.el7.x86_64                                                                     1/1 
已安装:
  ipvsadm.x86_64 0:1.27-8.el7                       
完毕!
  • 所有节点执行如下脚本:
cat> /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules <<EOF
#!/bin/bash
modprobe -- ip_vs
modprobe -- ip_vs_rr
modprobe -- ip_vs_wrr
modprobe -- ip_vs_sh
modprobe -- nf_conntrack_ipv4
EOF
  • 授权、运行、检查是否加载
[root@master ~]# chmod 755 /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules && bash /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules && lsmod | grep -e ip_vs -e nf_conntrack_ipv4

nf_conntrack_ipv4      150530 
nf_defrag_ipv4         127291 nf_conntrack_ipv4
ip_vs_sh               126880 
ip_vs_wrr              126970 
ip_vs_rr               126000 
ip_vs                 1454586 ip_vs_rr,ip_vs_sh,ip_vs_wrr
nf_conntrack          1392642 ip_vs,nf_conntrack_ipv4
libcrc32c              126443 xfs,ip_vs,nf_conntrack
  • 检查是否加载
[root@slave01 ~]# lsmod | grep -e ipvs -e nf_conntrack_ipv4

nf_conntrack_ipv4      150536 
nf_defrag_ipv4         127291 nf_conntrack_ipv4
nf_conntrack          1392647 ip_vs,nf_nat,nf_nat_ipv4,nf_nat_ipv6,xt_conntrack,nf_conntrack_ipv4,nf_conntrack_ipv6

重启三台机器

$ reboot

为每个节点安装Docker、kubeadm、kubelet和kubectl

为每个节点安装Docker

  • 1:切换镜像源
wget https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo -O /etc/yum.repos.d/docker-ce.repo
  • 2:查看当前镜像源中支持的docker版本
yum list docker-ce --showduplicates
  • 3:安装特定版本的docker-ce必须制定–setopt=obsoletes=0,否则yum会自动安装更高版本
yum install --setopt=obsoletes=0 docker-ce-18.06.3.ce-3.el7 -y
为每个节点的Docker接入阿里云镜像加速器

配置镜像加速器方法。

针对Docker客户端版本大于 1.10.0 的用户,可以通过修改daemon配置文件/etc/docker/daemon.json来使用加速器

  • 第一步:
mkdir -p /etc/docker
  • 第二步:
cat<<EOF> /etc/docker/daemon.json
{"exec-opts":["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"],
    "registry-mirrors":["https://u01jo9qv.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]}
EOF
  • 第三步:
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
  • 第四步:
sudo systemctl restart docker

最后就接入阿里云容器镜像加速器成功啦。

为每个节点的docker设置开机自动启动
sudo systemctl enabledocker
为每个节点都添加阿里云的YUM软件源(十分重要,否则无法安装k8s)
  • 由于kubernetes的镜像源在国外,所以这里切换成国内的阿里云镜像源否则将下载不了k8s
cat> /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo <<EOF
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
repo_gpgcheck=0
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
EOF

为每个节点安装kubeadm、kubelet和kubectl

  • 1:指定版本安装
yum install --setopt=obsoletes=0 kubeadm-1.17.4-0 kubelet-1.17.4-0 kubectl-1.17.4-0 -y
  • 2:配置kubelet的cgroup,编辑/etc/sysconfig/kubelet, 添加下面的配置
vim /etc/sysconfig/kubelet

内容如下:

# 修改KUBELET_CGROUP_ARGS="--cgroup-driver=systemd"KUBE_PROXY_MODE="ipvs"
  • 3:设置为开机自启动即可,由于没有生成配置文件,k8s集群初始化后自动启动
systemctl enable kubelet

为每个节点准备集群镜像

查看k8s所需镜像
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubeadm config images list
I0430 16:57:23.161932    1653 version.go:252] remote version is much newer: v1.23.6; falling back to: stable-1.18
W0430 16:57:26.117608    1653 configset.go:202] WARNING: kubeadm cannot validate component configs for API groups[kubelet.config.k8s.io kubeproxy.config.k8s.io]
k8s.gcr.io/kube-apiserver:v1.18.20
k8s.gcr.io/kube-controller-manager:v1.18.20
k8s.gcr.io/kube-scheduler:v1.18.20
k8s.gcr.io/kube-proxy:v1.18.20
k8s.gcr.io/pause:3.2
k8s.gcr.io/etcd:3.4.3-0
k8s.gcr.io/coredns:1.6.7
为每个节点下载镜像

定义镜像

images=(
    kube-apiserver:v1.17.4
    kube-controller-manager:v1.17.4
    kube-scheduler:v1.17.4
    kube-proxy:v1.17.4
    pause:3.1
    etcd:3.4.3-0
    coredns:1.6.5
)

循环下载定义的镜像

forimageNamein${images[@]};dodocker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/$imageNamedocker tag registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/$imageName k8s.gcr.io/$imageNamedocker rmi registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/$imageNamedone

这里需要花费一些时间。

#重启reboot

部署k8s的Master节点

  • 当前主节点(master)的ip192.168.184.100
  • 下面的操作只需要在master节点上执行即可
  • 哪一个节点执行了下面的init命令,那么这一个节点就会变成master节点
# 由于默认拉取镜像地址k8s.gcr.io国内无法访问,这里需要指定阿里云镜像仓库地址
kubeadm init \
    --apiserver-advertise-address=192.168.184.100 \
    --image-repository registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers \
    --kubernetes-version=v1.17.4 \
    --service-cidr=10.96.0.0/12 \
    --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16
  • 参数介绍: - –apiserver-advertise-address:必须指定你master节点的ip地址- –kubernetes-version:指定k8s的版本,我们这里使用的是v1.17.4
问题1:get nodes报错解决(有点坑)

产生原因

  • localhost:8080 这个端口是k8s api(kube-apiserver非安全端口)的端口,在master上面可以执行成功其实走的是配置文件但是在node上连接的是本地的非安全端口

kube-apiserver两个端口:

  • localhost:8080 非安全端口(不需要认证,没有加入认证机制),是kubectl默认先连接8080,如果你配置kubeconfig(.kube/config)就直接走这个配置连接的安全端口(在master上没有8080端口,走的是kubeconfig)
  • master-ip:6443 安全端口 ,提供了内部授权的机制,比如登入网站想要输入用户名密码才能登入。
  • kubeadm安装的默认禁用了8080端口
  • 当我们执行kubectl get nodes命令时出现下面的异常信息:
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get nodes
The connection to the server localhost:8080 was refused - did you specify the right host or port?
  • 解决方案:就是执行下面这一行命令即可
  • 方法1:(非常建议,永久生效,一劳永逸)
mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudocp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudochown$(id -u):$(id -g)$HOME/.kube/config
  • 方法2:(不建议,因为重新连接centos7服务器会失效,需要重新执行)
exportKUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
  • 测试一下
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get nodes
NAME         STATUS     ROLES    AGE   VERSION
k8s-master   NotReady   master   17h   v1.17.4
问题2:发现节点的状态是NotReady。
#查看当前节点日志,查看报错信息
journalctl -f -u kubelet
-- Logs begin at 三 2022-05-04 11:23:44 CST. --
5月 04 11:48:14 k8s-master kubelet[2658]: W0504 11:48:14.630055    2658 cni.go:237] Unable to update cni config: no networks found in /etc/cni/net.d
5月 04 11:48:15 k8s-master kubelet[2658]: E0504 11:48:15.119308    2658 kubelet.go:2183] Container runtime network not ready: NetworkReady=false reason:NetworkPluginNotReady message:docker: network plugin is not ready: cni config uninitialized
5月 04 11:48:19 k8s-master kubelet[2658]: W0504 11:48:19.631196    2658 cni.go:237] Unable to update cni config: no networks found in /etc/cni/net.d
  • 原因是kubelet参数多了network-plugin=cni但又没有安装cni插件
  • 看下面的步骤,安装cni完成之后。
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get nodes
NAME         STATUS   ROLES    AGE   VERSION
k8s-master   Ready    master   18h   v1.17.4
问题3:初始化报错
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubeadm init \>   --apiserver-advertise-address=192.168.184.100 \>   --image-repository registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers \>   --kubernetes-version v1.17.4 \>   --service-cidr=10.96.0.0/12 \>   --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16
W0501 20:02:43.025579   14399 configset.go:202] WARNING: kubeadm cannot validate component configs for API groups[kubelet.config.k8s.io kubeproxy.config.k8s.io][init] Using Kubernetes version: v1.18.0
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
    [WARNING SystemVerification]: this Docker version is not on the list of validated versions: 20.10.14. Latest validated version: 19.03
error execution phase preflight: [preflight] Some fatal errors occurred:
    [ERROR Port-10259]: Port 10259 is in use
    [ERROR Port-10257]: Port 10257 is in use
    [ERROR FileAvailable--etc-kubernetes-manifests-kube-apiserver.yaml]: /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-apiserver.yaml already exists
    [ERROR FileAvailable--etc-kubernetes-manifests-kube-controller-manager.yaml]: /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-controller-manager.yaml already exists
    [ERROR FileAvailable--etc-kubernetes-manifests-kube-scheduler.yaml]: /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-scheduler.yaml already exists
    [ERROR FileAvailable--etc-kubernetes-manifests-etcd.yaml]: /etc/kubernetes/manifests/etcd.yaml already exists
    [ERROR DirAvailable--var-lib-etcd]: /var/lib/etcd is not empty
[preflight] If you know what you are doing, you can make a check non-fatal with `--ignore-preflight-errors=...`
To see the stack trace of this error execute with --v=5 or higher
  • this Docker version is not on the list of validated versions: 20.10.14. Latest validated version: 19.03
  • 可以看出,docker和k8s要进行版本的匹配,不能太高也不能太低,否则就会报错。
解决办法:卸载Docker容器
  • 1:查看已安装的docker版本
[root@aubin ~]#  yum list installed |grep docker
输出结果:
containerd.io.x86_64                        1.4.4-3.1.el7              @docker-ce-stable
docker-ce-cli.x86_64                        1:20.10.6-3.el7            @docker-ce-stable
docker-scan-plugin.x86_64                   0.7.0-3.el7                @docker-ce-stable
  • 2:删除docker
yum -y remove containerd.io.x86_64
yum -y remove docker-ce-cli.x86_64 
yum -y remove docker-scan-plugin.x86_64
重新安装docker
  • 1:
wget https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo -O /etc/yum.repos.d/docker-ce.repo
  • 2:
yum -y install docker-ce-18.06.3.ce-3.el7
  • 3:
systemctl enabledocker&& systemctl start docker
  • 4:
docker version
  • 5:Docker镜像加速器
sudomkdir -p /etc/docker
sudotee /etc/docker/daemon.json <<-'EOF'
{
  "exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"],    
  "registry-mirrors": ["https://u01jo9qv.mirror.aliyuncs.com"],    
  "live-restore": true,
  "log-driver":"json-file",
  "log-opts": {"max-size":"500m", "max-file":"3"},
  "storage-driver": "overlay2"
}
EOF
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart docker
  • 6:启动docker服务
systemctl enable docker.service
卸载kubernetes
kubeadm reset -f
modprobe -r ipip
lsmod
rm -rf ~/.kube/
rm -rf /etc/kubernetes/
rm -rf /etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service.d
rm -rf /etc/systemd/system/kubelet.service
rm -rf /usr/bin/kube*
rm -rf /etc/cni
rm -rf /opt/cni
rm -rf /var/lib/etcd
rm -rf /var/etcd
yum clean all
yum remove kube*
  • 重新安装k8s(或者换一个新的虚拟机)
  • 执行成功在最下面会返回这样一行内容:
Your Kubernetes control-plane has initialized successfully!

To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:

  mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
  sudocp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
  sudochown$(id -u):$(id -g)$HOME/.kube/config

You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at:
  https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/

Then you can join any number of worker nodes by running the following on each as root:

#############最重要的命令,可以用来加入从节点##########
kubeadm join192.168.184.100:6443 --token 1r8ysf.p7myixjcjvmn39u3 \
    --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:6f5a2271dd9e764fc33e4ec22e5d3a68d79d57d80bec7a67f99b2190667c7631 
  • 可以看到下面有行命令,是用来加入节点的,只需要将这条命令放到从机上去即可。
kubeadm join192.168.184.100:6443 --token 1r8ysf.p7myixjcjvmn39u3 \
    --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:6f5a2271dd9e764fc33e4ec22e5d3a68d79d57d80bec7a67f99b2190667c7631 
在master节点上使用kubectl工具
mkdir -p $HOME/.kube

sudocp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config

sudochown$(id -u):$(id -g)$HOME/.kube/config
  • 然后我们的master节点就部署好了。

部署k8s的slave节点

  • 在两个从节点(192.168.184.101和192.168.184.102)上写入如下的命令(加入节点):
kubeadm join192.168.184.100:6443 --token 1r8ysf.p7myixjcjvmn39u3 \
    --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:6f5a2271dd9e764fc33e4ec22e5d3a68d79d57d80bec7a67f99b2190667c7631
  • 上面这些命令都是在init主节点自动产生的,具体的可以看上面部署master节点。

默认的token有效期为2小时,当过期之后,该token就不能用了,这时可以使用如下的命令创建token。

创建token的两种方式
  • 1:创建一个永久的token:
# 生成一个永不过期的token[root@k8s-master ~]# kubeadm token create --ttl 0 --print-join-command
W0430 17:39:26.127850   10466 configset.go:202] WARNING: kubeadm cannot validate component configs for API groups[kubelet.config.k8s.io kubeproxy.config.k8s.io]########这个就是不会过期的命令
kubeadm join192.168.184.100:6443 --token wolcu9.jrxmjmbqpvqe44x8     --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:6f5a2271dd9e764fc33e4ec22e5d3a68d79d57d80bec7a67f99b2190667c7631 
  • 2:创建一个会过期的token:
kubeadm token create --print-join-command
  • 3:把生成命令重新在各个slave节点上执行。
[root@k8s-slave01 ~]# kubeadm join 192.168.184.100:6443 --token 2wmd2p.39xczgxkoxbjmqpx     --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:b6a3200a4bf327ce10d229921f21c2d890f0bf48da6a3e37de5de36c48ed9210 

W0504 13:38:09.198532    1849 join.go:346][preflight] WARNING: JoinControlPane.controlPlane settings will be ignored when control-plane flag is not set.
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
    [WARNING Hostname]: hostname"k8s-slave01" could not be reached
    [WARNING Hostname]: hostname"k8s-slave01": lookup k8s-slave01 on 223.5.5.5:53: no such host[preflight] Reading configuration from the cluster...
[preflight] FYI: You can look at this config file with 'kubectl -n kube-system get cm kubeadm-config -oyaml'[kubelet-start] Downloading configuration for the kubelet from the "kubelet-config-1.17" ConfigMap in the kube-system namespace
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file"/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file"/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"[kubelet-start] Starting the kubelet
[kubelet-start] Waiting for the kubelet to perform the TLS Bootstrap...

This node has joined the cluster:
* Certificate signing request was sent to apiserver and a response was received.
* The Kubelet was informed of the new secure connection details.

Run 'kubectl get nodes' on the control-plane to see this nodejoin the cluster.
  • 4:在master节点查看所有节点状态
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pods,svc,nodes

NAME                         READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
pod/nginx-6867cdf567-mf4xt   1/1     Running   0          24m

NAME                 TYPE        CLUSTER-IP     EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)        AGE
service/kubernetes   ClusterIP   10.96.0.1      <none>443/TCP        19h
service/nginx        NodePort    10.103.67.90   <none>80:30048/TCP   23m

NAME               STATUS   ROLES    AGE     VERSION
node/k8s-master    Ready    master   19h     v1.17.4
node/k8s-slave01   Ready    <none>   8m32s   v1.17.4
slave节点退出join
  • 当slave已经加入一个master节点,我们想让它加入另外一个master节点,我们必须要先退出才能join。
[root@k8s-slave02 ~]# kubeadm join 192.168.184.100:6443 --token f99cdo.1a4h5qv90t6ktq0l     --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:9570221e545e3b7c592ad9460d9c3d393e6123101b7c26e7b1437bcd5c20f5be 
W0515 14:44:59.685275   13110 join.go:346][preflight] WARNING: JoinControlPane.controlPlane settings will be ignored when control-plane flag is not set.
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks

error execution phase preflight: [preflight] Some fatal errors occurred:
    [ERROR FileAvailable--etc-kubernetes-kubelet.conf]: /etc/kubernetes/kubelet.conf already exists
    [ERROR Port-10250]: Port 10250 is in use
    [ERROR FileAvailable--etc-kubernetes-pki-ca.crt]: /etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt already exists
[preflight] If you know what you are doing, you can make a check non-fatal with `--ignore-preflight-errors=...`
To see the stack trace of this error execute with --v=5 or higher
  • 进行集群重置(slave节点上执行),必须要进行重置,否则将无法执行成功下面的join命令
kubeadm reset
systemctl stop kubelet
systemctl stop docker
rm -rf /var/lib/cni/
rm -rf /var/lib/kubelet/*
rm -rf /etc/cni/
ifconfig cni0 down
ifconfig flannel.1 down
ifconfig docker0 down
iplink delete cni0
iplink delete flannel.1
systemctl restart kubelet
systemctl restart docker
  • 再次运行join命令,可以运行成功了。
[root@k8s-slave01 ~]# kubeadm join 192.168.184.100:6443 --token 8vd0qj.doqff1kdurlzgzzd     --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:9570221e545e3b7c592ad9460d9c3d393e6123101b7c26e7b1437bcd5c20f5be 
W0515 15:00:39.368526   16957 join.go:346][preflight] WARNING: JoinControlPane.controlPlane settings will be ignored when control-plane flag is not set.
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
[preflight] Reading configuration from the cluster...
[preflight] FYI: You can look at this config file with 'kubectl -n kube-system get cm kubeadm-config -oyaml'[kubelet-start] Downloading configuration for the kubelet from the "kubelet-config-1.17" ConfigMap in the kube-system namespace
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file"/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file"/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"[kubelet-start] Starting the kubelet
[kubelet-start] Waiting for the kubelet to perform the TLS Bootstrap...

This node has joined the cluster:
* Certificate signing request was sent to apiserver and a response was received.
* The Kubelet was informed of the new secure connection details.

Run 'kubectl get nodes' on the control-plane to see this nodejoin the cluster.

部署CNI网络插件(只在Master节点操作)

在Master节点上使用kubectl工具查看节点状态(可以看出状态是NotReady)
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get nodes
NAME          STATUS     ROLES    AGE     VERSION
k8s-master    NotReady   master   36m     v1.18.0
k8s-slave01   NotReady   <none>   7m34s   v1.18.0
k8s-slave02   NotReady   <none>   7m31s   v1.18.0
安装网络插件
  • kubernetes支持多种网络插件,比如flannel、calico、canal等,任选一种即可,本次选择flannel
  • 在Master节点上获取flannel配置文件(可能会失败,如果失败,请下载到本地,然后安装):
[root@k8s-master ~]# wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml

--2022-04-30 17:48:22--  https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml
正在解析主机 raw.githubusercontent.com (raw.githubusercontent.com)... 185.199.110.133, 185.199.109.133, 185.199.111.133, ...
正在连接 raw.githubusercontent.com (raw.githubusercontent.com)|185.199.110.133|:443... 已连接。
已发出 HTTP 请求,正在等待回应... 200 OK
长度:5750 (5.6K)[text/plain]
正在保存至: “kube-flannel.yml”

100%[========================================================================>]5,750       --.-K/s 用时 0s      

2022-04-30 17:48:23 (116 MB/s) - 已保存 “kube-flannel.yml” [5750/5750])
  • 如果下载不了,可以使用我的,文件名必须为kube-flannel.yml

可以通过XFTP传到服务器上。(直接使用vim可能会让格式乱掉,可以下载到windows再通过xftp上传到linux服务器)

---apiVersion: policy/v1beta1
kind: PodSecurityPolicy
metadata:name: psp.flannel.unprivileged
  annotations:seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: docker/default
    seccomp.security.alpha.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: docker/default
    apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/allowedProfileNames: runtime/default
    apparmor.security.beta.kubernetes.io/defaultProfileName: runtime/default
spec:privileged:falsevolumes:- configMap
  - secret
  - emptyDir
  - hostPath
  allowedHostPaths:-pathPrefix:"/etc/cni/net.d"-pathPrefix:"/etc/kube-flannel"-pathPrefix:"/run/flannel"readOnlyRootFilesystem:false# Users and groupsrunAsUser:rule: RunAsAny
  supplementalGroups:rule: RunAsAny
  fsGroup:rule: RunAsAny
  # Privilege EscalationallowPrivilegeEscalation:falsedefaultAllowPrivilegeEscalation:false# CapabilitiesallowedCapabilities:['NET_ADMIN','NET_RAW']defaultAddCapabilities:[]requiredDropCapabilities:[]# Host namespaceshostPID:falsehostIPC:falsehostNetwork:truehostPorts:-min:0max:65535# SELinuxseLinux:# SELinux is unused in CaaSPrule:'RunAsAny'---kind: ClusterRole
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:name: flannel
rules:-apiGroups:['extensions']resources:['podsecuritypolicies']verbs:['use']resourceNames:['psp.flannel.unprivileged']-apiGroups:-""resources:- pods
  verbs:- get
-apiGroups:-""resources:- nodes
  verbs:- list
  - watch
-apiGroups:-""resources:- nodes/status
  verbs:- patch
---kind: ClusterRoleBinding
apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
metadata:name: flannel
roleRef:apiGroup: rbac.authorization.k8s.io
  kind: ClusterRole
  name: flannel
subjects:-kind: ServiceAccount
  name: flannel
  namespace: kube-system
---apiVersion: v1
kind: ServiceAccount
metadata:name: flannel
  namespace: kube-system
---kind: ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
metadata:name: kube-flannel-cfg
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:tier: node
    app: flannel
data:cni-conf.json:|
    {
      "name": "cbr0",
      "cniVersion": "0.3.1",
      "plugins": [
        {
          "type": "flannel",
          "delegate": {
            "hairpinMode": true,
            "isDefaultGateway": true
          }
        },
        {
          "type": "portmap",
          "capabilities": {
            "portMappings": true
          }
        }
      ]
    }net-conf.json:|
    {
      "Network": "10.244.0.0/16",
      "Backend": {
        "Type": "vxlan"
      }
    }---apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:name: kube-flannel-ds
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:tier: node
    app: flannel
spec:selector:matchLabels:app: flannel
  template:metadata:labels:tier: node
        app: flannel
    spec:affinity:nodeAffinity:requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:nodeSelectorTerms:-matchExpressions:-key: kubernetes.io/os
                operator: In
                values:- linux
      hostNetwork:truepriorityClassName: system-node-critical
      tolerations:-operator: Exists
        effect: NoSchedule
      serviceAccountName: flannel
      initContainers:-name: install-cni-plugin
       #image: flannelcni/flannel-cni-plugin:v1.0.1 for ppc64le and mips64le (dockerhub limitations may apply)image: rancher/mirrored-flannelcni-flannel-cni-plugin:v1.0.1
        command:- cp
        args:--f
        - /flannel
        - /opt/cni/bin/flannel
        volumeMounts:-name: cni-plugin
          mountPath: /opt/cni/bin
      -name: install-cni
       #image: flannelcni/flannel:v0.17.0 for ppc64le and mips64le (dockerhub limitations may apply)image: rancher/mirrored-flannelcni-flannel:v0.17.0
        command:- cp
        args:--f
        - /etc/kube-flannel/cni-conf.json
        - /etc/cni/net.d/10-flannel.conflist
        volumeMounts:-name: cni
          mountPath: /etc/cni/net.d
        -name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
      containers:-name: kube-flannel
       #image: flannelcni/flannel:v0.17.0 for ppc64le and mips64le (dockerhub limitations may apply)image: rancher/mirrored-flannelcni-flannel:v0.17.0
        command:- /opt/bin/flanneld
        args:---ip-masq
        ---kube-subnet-mgr
        resources:requests:cpu:"100m"memory:"50Mi"limits:cpu:"100m"memory:"50Mi"securityContext:privileged:falsecapabilities:add:["NET_ADMIN","NET_RAW"]env:-name: POD_NAME
          valueFrom:fieldRef:fieldPath: metadata.name
        -name: POD_NAMESPACE
          valueFrom:fieldRef:fieldPath: metadata.namespace
        -name: EVENT_QUEUE_DEPTH
          value:"5000"volumeMounts:-name: run
          mountPath: /run/flannel
        -name: flannel-cfg
          mountPath: /etc/kube-flannel/
        -name: xtables-lock
          mountPath: /run/xtables.lock
      volumes:-name: run
        hostPath:path: /run/flannel
      -name: cni-plugin
        hostPath:path: /opt/cni/bin
      -name: cni
        hostPath:path: /etc/cni/net.d
      -name: flannel-cfg
        configMap:name: kube-flannel-cfg
      -name: xtables-lock
        hostPath:path: /run/xtables.lock
          type: FileOrCreate
启动flannel的方式
  • 方法一:下载到当前目前启动flannel:(由于把flannel.yml放到了本地,所以启动十分快)
kubectl apply -f kube-flannel.yml
  • 方法二:在线拉取并且启动flannel:(缺点是在线拉取十分缓慢)
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml

podsecuritypolicy.policy/psp.flannel.unprivileged created
clusterrole.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/flannel created
clusterrolebinding.rbac.authorization.k8s.io/flannel created
serviceaccount/flannel created
configmap/kube-flannel-cfg created
daemonset.apps/kube-flannel-ds created
  • 查看部署CNI网络插件进度(直到等待初始化完成(Running)):
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pods -n kube-system
NAME                                 READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
coredns-9d85f5447-6t89q              1/1     Running   0          18h
coredns-9d85f5447-cgt49              1/1     Running   0          18h
etcd-k8s-master                      1/1     Running   2          18h
kube-apiserver-k8s-master            1/1     Running   2          18h
kube-controller-manager-k8s-master   1/1     Running   2          18h
kube-flannel-ds-dk952                1/1     Running   0          3m16s
kube-proxy-x7ns9                     1/1     Running   2          18h
kube-scheduler-k8s-master            1/1     Running   2          18h
问题4:flannel出现ImagePullBackOff
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get pods -n kube-system
NAME                                 READY   STATUS                  RESTARTS   AGE
coredns-9d85f5447-hsctd              1/1     Running                 0          33m
coredns-9d85f5447-v28cx              1/1     Running                 0          33m
etcd-k8s-master                      1/1     Running                 0          33m
kube-apiserver-k8s-master            1/1     Running                 0          33m
kube-controller-manager-k8s-master   1/1     Running                 0          33m
kube-flannel-ds-5brqz                0/1     Init:ImagePullBackOff   0          9m15s

查看kube-flannel-ds-5brqz报错信息:

kubectl describe pod kube-flannel-ds-5brqz -n kube-system

输出如下:

Events:
  Type     Reason     Age                   From                  Message
  ----     ------     ----                  ----                  -------
  Normal   Scheduled  20m                   default-scheduler     Successfully assigned kube-system/kube-flannel-ds-5brqz to k8s-slave01
  Warning  Failed     19m                   kubelet, k8s-slave01  Failed to pull image "rancher/mirrored-flannelcni-flannel-cni-plugin:v1.0.1": rpc error: code = Unknown desc = error pulling image configuration: Get https://production.cloudflare.docker.com/registry-v2/docker/registry/v2/blobs/sha256/ac/ac40ce62574065ffaad7fe9a6f6a2f5a94246847e882bb034cf8fb249c158598/data?verify=1652446938-UhlcpbAE1orAeMWn4RgzsLOih7I%3D: dial tcp 104.18.124.25:443: i/o timeout
  Warning  Failed     18m                   kubelet, k8s-slave01  Failed to pull image "rancher/mirrored-flannelcni-flannel-cni-plugin:v1.0.1": rpc error: code = Unknown desc = error pulling image configuration: Get https://production.cloudflare.docker.com/registry-v2/docker/registry/v2/blobs/sha256/ac/ac40ce62574065ffaad7fe9a6f6a2f5a94246847e882bb034cf8fb249c158598/data?verify=1652447006-ATuYDcprD98gnZWe2lMbMCUvPAw%3D: dial tcp 104.18.125.25:443: i/o timeout
  Warning  Failed     17m                   kubelet, k8s-slave01  Failed to pull image "rancher/mirrored-flannelcni-flannel-cni-plugin:v1.0.1": rpc error: code = Unknown desc = error pulling image configuration: Get https://production.cloudflare.docker.com/registry-v2/docker/registry/v2/blobs/sha256/ac/ac40ce62574065ffaad7fe9a6f6a2f5a94246847e882bb034cf8fb249c158598/data?verify=1652447085-yEKQljoBf%2FyQ0c72N%2BvEFXlqHWk%3D: dial tcp 104.18.125.25:443: i/o timeout
  Normal   Pulling    16m (x4 over 20m)     kubelet, k8s-slave01  Pulling image "rancher/mirrored-flannelcni-flannel-cni-plugin:v1.0.1"
  Warning  Failed     15m (x4 over 19m)     kubelet, k8s-slave01  Error: ErrImagePull
  Warning  Failed     15m                   kubelet, k8s-slave01  Failed to pull image "rancher/mirrored-flannelcni-flannel-cni-plugin:v1.0.1": rpc error: code = Unknown desc = error pulling image configuration: Get https://production.cloudflare.docker.com/registry-v2/docker/registry/v2/blobs/sha256/ac/ac40ce62574065ffaad7fe9a6f6a2f5a94246847e882bb034cf8fb249c158598/data?verify=1652447189-MIzL3vf7Zx6w6cVcnJbSfGJxR3I%3D: dial tcp 104.18.124.25:443: i/o timeout
  Warning  Failed     9m11s                 kubelet, k8s-slave01  Failed to pull image "rancher/mirrored-flannelcni-flannel-cni-plugin:v1.0.1": rpc error: code = Unknown desc = context canceled
  Normal   BackOff    5m40s (x39 over 19m)  kubelet, k8s-slave01  Back-off pulling image "rancher/mirrored-flannelcni-flannel-cni-plugin:v1.0.1"
  Warning  Failed     43s (x57 over 19m)    kubelet, k8s-slave01  Error: ImagePullBackOff
  • 发现问题:从上面的报错信息可以看到一直重复说rancher/mirrored-flannelcni-flannel-cni-plugin:v1.0.1镜像拉取失败。
  • 再次在Master节点使用kubectl工具查看节点状态:
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get nodes
NAME          STATUS   ROLES    AGE   VERSION
k8s-master    Ready    master   58m   v1.17.4
k8s-slave01   Ready    <none>   39m   v1.17.4
k8s-slave02   Ready    <none>   39m   v1.17.4
  • 查看集群健康状况:
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl get cs
NAME                 STATUS    MESSAGE             ERROR
scheduler            Healthy   ok                  
controller-manager   Healthy   ok                  
etcd-0               Healthy   {"health":"true"}
[root@k8s-master ~]# kubectl cluster-info

Kubernetes master is running at https://192.168.184.100:6443
KubeDNS is running at https://192.168.184.100:6443/api/v1/namespaces/kube-system/services/kube-dns:dns/proxy

To further debug and diagnose cluster problems, use 'kubectl cluster-info dump'.
重置集群(如果上面出问题了就执行下面命令)
  • 注意:上面操作出问题了才执行(记住:在master节点之外的节点(也就是在slave节点)进行操作)
kubeadm reset
systemctl stop kubelet
systemctl stop docker
rm -rf /var/lib/cni/
rm -rf /var/lib/kubelet/*
rm -rf /etc/cni/
ifconfig cni0 down
ifconfig flannel.1 down
ifconfig docker0 down
iplink delete cni0
iplink delete flannel.1
systemctl restart kubelet
systemctl restart docker

❤️💛🧡本章结束,我们下一章见❤️💛🧡


本文转载自: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_50071998/article/details/124930111
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