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前端mqtt的详细使用(包含mqtt服务器部署,前端vue3使用mqtt连接、订阅主题、发布等)

一、简述

​ MQTT(消息队列遥测传输协议),是一种基于发布/订阅(publish/subscribe)模式的通讯协议,该协议构建于TCP/IP协议上。MQTT最大优点在于,可以以极少的代码和有限的带宽,为连接远程设备提供实时可靠的消息服务。MQTT 协议的应用场景包括物联网、移动应用、车联网、智能家居、即时聊天等。

二、特性

  • 使用发布/订阅消息模式。
  • 对负载内容屏蔽的消息传输。
  • 使用TCP/IP提供网络连接。
  • 有三种消息发布服务质量:1. “至多一次”,消息发布完全依赖底层TCP/IP网络。会发生消息丢失或重复。这一级别可用于如下情况,环境传感器数据,丢失一次读记录无所谓,因为不久后还会有第二次发送。这一种方式主要普通APP的推送,倘若你的智能设备在消息推送时未联网,推送过去没收到,再次联网也就收不到了。2. “至少一次”,确保消息到达,但消息重复可能会发生。3. “只有一次”,确保消息到达一次。在一些要求比较严格的计费系统中,可以使用此级别。在计费系统中,消息重复或丢失会导致不正确的结果。这种最高质量的消息发布服务还可以用于即时通讯类的APP的推送,确保用户收到且只会收到一次。
  • 小型传输,开销很小(固定长度的头部是2字节),协议交换最小化,以降低网络流量。
  • 使用Last Will和Testament特性通知有关各方客户端异常中断的机制。Last Will:即遗言机制,用于通知同一主题下的其他设备发送遗言的设备已经断开了连接。Testament:遗嘱机制,功能类似于Last Will。

三、MQTT协议中的订阅、主题、会话

1.订阅(Subscription)

订阅包含主题筛选器(Topic Filter)和最大服务质量(QoS)。订阅会与一个会话(Session)关联。一个会话可以包含多个订阅。每一个会话中的每个订阅都有一个不同的主题筛选器。

2.会话(Session)

每个客户端与服务器建立连接后就是一个会话,客户端和服务器之间有状态交互。会话存在于一个网络之间,也可能在客户端和服务器之间跨越多个连续的网络连接。

3.主题名(Topic Name)

连接到一个应用程序消息的标签,该标签与服务器的订阅相匹配。服务器会将消息发送给订阅所匹配标签的每个客户端。

4.主题筛选器(Topic Filter)

一个对主题名通配符筛选器,在订阅表达式中使用,表示订阅所匹配到的多个主题。

5.负载(Payload)

消息订阅者所具体接收的内容。

四、MQTT协议中的方法

  • Connect。等待与服务器建立连接。
  • Disconnect。等待MQTT客户端完成所做的工作,并与服务器断开TCP/IP会话。
  • Subscribe。等待完成订阅。
  • UnSubscribe。等待服务器取消客户端的一个或多个topics订阅。
  • Publish。MQTT客户端发送消息请求,发送完成后返回应用程序线程。

五、前端使用mqtt

1. mqtt服务器的部署

使用 EMQX CLOUD 进行mqtt服务的部署

EMQX Cloud: 全托管的 MQTT 消息云服务

部署教程:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Bx4y1K7hN/

使用Serverless版本每月有免费额度

在这里插入图片描述

2. 安装js的mqtt包

npm i mqtt

3. 前端代码

完整代码已上传至github
https://github.com/void00013/8.mqtt_vue3_test/tree/main
请自行下载依赖后运行

// Home.vue
<template>
  <div class="home-container">
    <el-card shadow="always" style="margin-bottom:30px;">
      <div class="emq-title">
        Configuration
      </div>
      <el-form ref="configForm" hide-required-asterisk size="small" label-position="top" :model="connection">
        <el-row :gutter="20">
          <el-col :span="8">
            <el-form-item prop="host" label="Host">
              <el-row :gutter="10">
                <el-col :span="7">
                  <el-select v-model="connection.protocol" @change="handleProtocolChange">
                    <el-option label="ws://" value="ws"></el-option>
                    <el-option label="wss://" value="wss"></el-option>
                  </el-select>
                </el-col>
                <el-col :span="17">
                  <el-input v-model="connection.host"></el-input>
                </el-col>
              </el-row>
            </el-form-item>
          </el-col>
          <el-col :span="8">
            <el-form-item prop="port" label="Port">
              <el-input v-model.number="connection.port" type="number" placeholder="8083/8084"></el-input>
            </el-form-item>
          </el-col>
          <el-col :span="8">
            <el-form-item prop="endpoint" label="Mountpoint">
              <el-input v-model="connection.endpoint" placeholder="/mqtt"></el-input>
            </el-form-item>
          </el-col>
          <el-col :span="8">
            <el-form-item prop="clientId" label="Client ID">
              <el-input v-model="connection.clientId"> </el-input>
            </el-form-item>
          </el-col>
          <el-col :span="8">
            <el-form-item prop="username" label="Username">
              <el-input v-model="connection.username"></el-input>
            </el-form-item>
          </el-col>
          <el-col :span="8">
            <el-form-item prop="password" label="Password">
              <el-input v-model="connection.password"></el-input>
            </el-form-item>
          </el-col>

          <el-col :span="24">
            <el-button type="success" size="small" class="conn-btn" style="margin-right: 20px;" :disabled="client.connected" @click="createConnection" :loading="connecting">
              {{ client.connected ? 'Connected' : 'Connect' }}
            </el-button>

            <el-button v-if="client.connected" type="danger" size="small" class="conn-btn" @click="destroyConnection">
              Disconnect
            </el-button>
          </el-col>
        </el-row>
      </el-form>
    </el-card>
    <el-card shadow="always" style="margin-bottom:30px;">
      <div class="emq-title">
        Subscribe
      </div>
      <el-form ref="subscription" hide-required-asterisk size="small" label-position="top" :model="subscription">
        <el-row :gutter="20">
          <el-col :span="8">
            <el-form-item prop="topic" label="Topic">
              <el-input v-model="subscription.topic"></el-input>
            </el-form-item>
          </el-col>
          <el-col :span="8">
            <el-form-item prop="qos" label="QoS">
              <el-select v-model="subscription.qos">
                <el-option v-for="qos in qosList" :key="qos" :label="qos" :value="qos"></el-option>
              </el-select>
            </el-form-item>
          </el-col>
          <el-col :span="8">
            <el-button :disabled="!client.connected" type="success" size="small" class="subscribe-btn" @click="doSubscribe">
              {{ subscribeSuccess ? 'Subscribed' : 'Subscribe' }}
            </el-button>
            <el-button :disabled="!client.connected" type="success" size="small" class="subscribe-btn" style="margin-left:20px" @click="doUnSubscribe" v-if="subscribeSuccess">
              Unsubscribe
            </el-button>
          </el-col>
        </el-row>
      </el-form>
    </el-card>
    <el-card shadow="always" style="margin-bottom:30px;">
      <div class="emq-title">
        Publish
      </div>
      <el-form ref="publish" hide-required-asterisk size="small" label-position="top" :model="publish">
        <el-row :gutter="20">
          <el-col :span="8">
            <el-form-item prop="topic" label="Topic">
              <el-input v-model="publish.topic"></el-input>
            </el-form-item>
          </el-col>
          <el-col :span="8">
            <el-form-item prop="payload" label="Payload">
              <el-input v-model="publish.payload"></el-input>
            </el-form-item>
          </el-col>
          <el-col :span="8">
            <el-form-item prop="qos" label="QoS">
              <el-select v-model="publish.qos">
                <el-option v-for="qos in qosList" :key="qos" :label="qos" :value="qos"></el-option>
              </el-select>
            </el-form-item>
          </el-col>
        </el-row>
      </el-form>
      <el-col :span="24">
        <el-button :disabled="!client.connected" type="success" size="small" class="publish-btn" @click="doPublish">
          Publish
        </el-button>
      </el-col>
    </el-card>
    <el-card shadow="always" style="margin-bottom:30px;">
      <div class="emq-title">
        Receive
      </div>
      <el-col :span="24">
        <el-input type="textarea" :rows="3" style="margin-bottom: 15px" v-model="receiveNews" readOnly></el-input>
      </el-col>
    </el-card>
  </div>
</template>

<script>
import mqtt from 'mqtt'

export default {
  name: 'Home',

  data() {
    return {
      connection: {
        protocol: 'wss',
        host: '你的mqtt服务器地址',
        // server less服务器只有两种协议:mqtts: 8883; wss: 8084
        port: 8084,
        endpoint: '/mqtt',
        clean: true,
        connectTimeout: 30 * 1000, // ms
        reconnectPeriod: 4000, // ms
        clientId: 'emqx_vue_' + Math.random().toString(16).substring(2, 8),
        // auth
        username: 'void',
        password: '123',
      },
      subscription: {
        topic: 'topic/mqttx',
        qos: 0,
      },
      publish: {
        topic: 'topic/browser',
        qos: 0,
        payload: '{ "msg": "Hello, I am browser." }',
      },
      receiveNews: '',
      qosList: [0, 1, 2],
      client: {
        connected: false,
      },
      subscribeSuccess: false,
      connecting: false,
      retryTimes: 0,
    }
  },
  methods: {
    initData() {
      this.client = {
        connected: false,
      }
      this.retryTimes = 0
      this.connecting = false
      this.subscribeSuccess = false
    },
    handleOnReConnect() {
      this.retryTimes += 1
      if (this.retryTimes > 5) {
        try {
          this.client.end()
          this.initData()
          this.$message.error('Connection maxReconnectTimes limit, stop retry')
        } catch (error) {
          this.$message.error(error.toString())
        }
      }
    },
    createConnection() {
      try {
        this.connecting = true
        const { protocol, host, port, endpoint, ...options } = this.connection
        const connectUrl = `${protocol}://${host}:${port}${endpoint}`
        this.client = mqtt.connect(connectUrl, options)
        if (this.client.on) {
          this.client.on('connect', () => {
            this.connecting = false
            console.log('Connection succeeded!')
          })
          this.client.on('reconnect', this.handleOnReConnect)
          this.client.on('error', (error) => {
            console.log('Connection failed', error)
          })
          this.client.on('message', (topic, message) => {
            this.receiveNews = this.receiveNews.concat(message)
            console.log(`Received message ${message} from topic ${topic}`)
          })
        }
      } catch (error) {
        this.connecting = false
        console.log('mqtt.connect error', error)
      }
    },
    // subscribe topic
    doSubscribe() {
      const { topic, qos } = this.subscription
      this.client.subscribe(topic, { qos }, (error, res) => {
        if (error) {
          console.log('Subscribe to topics error', error)
          return
        }
        this.subscribeSuccess = true
        console.log('Subscribe to topics res', res)
      })
    },
    // unsubscribe topic
    doUnSubscribe() {
      const { topic } = this.subscription
      this.client.unsubscribe(topic, (error) => {
        if (error) {
          console.log('Unsubscribe error', error)
        }
      })
    },
    // publish message
    doPublish() {
      const { topic, qos, payload } = this.publish
      this.client.publish(topic, payload, { qos }, (error) => {
        if (error) {
          console.log('Publish error', error)
        }
      })
    },
    // disconnect
    destroyConnection() {
      if (this.client.connected) {
        try {
          this.client.end(false, () => {
            this.initData()
            console.log('Successfully disconnected!')
          })
        } catch (error) {
          console.log('Disconnect failed', error.toString())
        }
      }
    },
    handleProtocolChange(value) {
      this.connection.port = value === 'wss' ? '8084' : '8083'
    },
  },
}
</script>

<style lang="scss">
@import url('../assets/style/home.scss');

.home-container {
  max-width: 1100px;
  margin: 0 auto;

  .conn-btn {
    color: #fff;
    background-color: #00b173;
    font-size: 14px;
  }

  .publish-btn {
    margin-bottom: 20px;
    float: right;
  }

  .el-button--success {
    background-color: #34c388 !important;
    border-color: #34c388 !important;
    font-size: 14px !important;
  }

  .el-button--danger {
    background-color: #f5222d !important;
    border-color: #f5222d !important;
  }

  .el-form-item {
    &.is-error {
      .el-input__inner,
      .el-textarea__inner {
        box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px rgba(245, 34, 45, 0.2);
      }
    }
    &.is-success {
      .el-input__inner,
      .el-textarea__inner {
        border-color: #34c388 !important;
      }
    }
  }
}
</style>
// home.scss
body {
  background-color: #f0f2f5;
  padding: 0;
  margin: 0;
  color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.65);
  font-size: 14px;
  font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, Segoe UI, PingFang SC, Hiragino Sans GB, Microsoft YaHei,
    Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif, Apple Color Emoji, Segoe UI Emoji, Segoe UI Symbol;
}

.emq-title {
  font-size: 16px;
  color: #333333;
  font-weight: bolder;
  margin-bottom: 15px;

  &.h3 {
    font-size: 14px;
  }

  &[size='small'] {
    font-size: 14px;
  }

  .sub-title {
    font-weight: normal;
    display: block;
    font-size: 12px;
    color: #8f9297;
    margin-top: 12px;
  }

  &.required-title {
    &:before {
      content: '*';
      color: #f5222d;
      margin-right: 4px;
    }
  }
}

.el-select {
  width: 100%;
}

.subscribe-btn {
  margin-top: 42px !important;
}

.publish-btn {
  margin-bottom: 30px;
}

4. EMQX官方示例

官方提供了vue、react、java、python等各种语言的代码案例,如有需要请自行查看
https://github.com/emqx/MQTT-Client-Examples/tree/master

标签: 前端 服务器 运维

本文转载自: https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_47365243/article/details/132119874
版权归原作者 void0086 所有, 如有侵权,请联系我们删除。

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