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nginx简介与安装配置，目录结构和配置文件介绍，配置nginx的service管理

一.nginx简介

1.简介

nginx是一个轻量级的网页服务器、方向代理服务器和电子邮件代理服务器，具有配置灵活、静态资源高并发、系统资源占用少、拥有缓存服务等优点。

2.特性

（1）对于静态资源，高速，高并发访问和缓存，支持htto相应速率限制

（2）支持使用反向代理加速，缓存数据

（3）可实现负载均衡和节点健康检查

（4）支持FastCGI，SCGI,Memcached Servers等服务的急速和缓存

（5）支持基于域名、端口、IP的虚拟主机站点代理，可以进行访问控制

（6）支持Keep-alive和pipelined连接

（7）在代码上线时可以平滑重启，不影响基本功能

（8）可以对日志进行格式自定义、临时缓冲、快速轮训和rsyslog处理

（9）支持信号控制nginx进程

（10）支持url重写和正则表达式匹配

（11）支持PUT、DELETE、MKCOL、COPY、MOVE等特殊http请求方法

（12）支持邮件服务代理

二.nginx安装

前提要卸载或关闭apache的httpd，nginx的默认监听端口也是80

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl stop httpd
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status httpd
● httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: inactive (dead)
     Docs: man:httpd(8)
           man:apachectl(8)

链接：https://pan.baidu.com/s/1S4GUc4gDtqM_oBrKABT1uA
提取码：ytd1

1.rpm包方式

（1）下载扩展源

1c3effbdf1f947a69d908cc10b725d53.png

（2）安装扩展rpm包，nginx -V查看配置参数，后面源码安装时要用到

[root@localhost ~]# yum install https://nginx.org/packages/centos/7Server/x86_64/RPMS/nginx-debuginfo-1.22.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost ~]# yum install nginx-1.22.0-1.el7.ngx.x86_64.rpm -y
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start nginx
[root@localhost ~]# curl localhost
hello
[root@localhost ~]# nginx -v
nginx version: nginx/1.22.0
[root@localhost ~]# nginx -V
nginx version: nginx/1.22.0
built by gcc 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44) (GCC) 
built with OpenSSL 1.0.2k-fips  26 Jan 2017
TLS SNI support enabled
configure arguments: --prefix=/etc/nginx --sbin-path=/usr/sbin/nginx --modules-path=/usr/lib64/nginx/modules --conf-path=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf --error-log-path=/var/log/nginx/error.log --http-log-path=/var/log/nginx/access.log --pid-path=/var/run/nginx.pid --lock-path=/var/run/nginx.lock --http-client-body-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/client_temp --http-proxy-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/proxy_temp --http-fastcgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/fastcgi_temp --http-uwsgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/uwsgi_temp --http-scgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/scgi_temp --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-compat --with-file-aio --with-threads --with-http_addition_module --with-http_auth_request_module --with-http_dav_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_gunzip_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_mp4_module --with-http_random_index_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_secure_link_module --with-http_slice_module --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_sub_module --with-http_v2_module --with-mail --with-mail_ssl_module --with-stream --with-stream_realip_module --with-stream_ssl_module --with-stream_ssl_preread_module --with-cc-opt='-O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector-strong --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -grecord-gcc-switches -m64 -mtune=generic -fPIC' --with-ld-opt='-Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now -pie'

（3）默认的配置文件位置和html存放位置

默认nginx.conf位置"/etc/nginx/nginx.conf"

默认采用引用"/etc/nginx/conf.d"下的default.conf文件这种方式

默认的html文件存放位置"/usr/share/nginx/html"

[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ql nginx
/etc/logrotate.d/nginx
/etc/nginx
/etc/nginx/conf.d
/etc/nginx/conf.d/default.conf
/etc/nginx/fastcgi_params
/etc/nginx/mime.types
/etc/nginx/modules
/etc/nginx/nginx.conf
/etc/nginx/scgi_params
/etc/nginx/uwsgi_params
/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx-debug.service
/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service
/usr/lib64/nginx
/usr/lib64/nginx/modules
/usr/libexec/initscripts/legacy-actions/nginx
/usr/libexec/initscripts/legacy-actions/nginx/check-reload
/usr/libexec/initscripts/legacy-actions/nginx/upgrade
/usr/sbin/nginx
/usr/sbin/nginx-debug
/usr/share/doc/nginx-1.22.0
/usr/share/doc/nginx-1.22.0/COPYRIGHT
/usr/share/man/man8/nginx.8.gz
/usr/share/nginx
/usr/share/nginx/html
/usr/share/nginx/html/50x.html
/usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
/var/cache/nginx
/var/log/nginx

2.源码方式

（1）建议提前下好所需要的部分包

[root@localhost nginx-1.22.0]# yum -y install make zlib zlib-devel gcc-c++ libtool  openssl openssl-devel

（2）下载tar.gz包

51111abca2b94e13ba557bf63409b79d.png

（3）建议将包解压到/usr/local/src下，执行configure文件

[root@localhost nginx-1.22.0]# pwd
/usr/local/src/nginx-1.22.0

[root@localhost nginx-1.22.0]# ./configure \
--prefix=/etc/nginx \
--sbin-path=/usr/sbin/nginx \
--modules-path=/usr/lib64/nginx/modules \
--conf-path=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf \
--error-log-path=/var/log/nginx/error.log \
--http-log-path=/var/log/nginx/access.log \
--pid-path=/var/run/nginx.pid \
--lock-path=/var/run/nginx.lock \
--http-client-body-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/client_temp \
--http-proxy-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/proxy_temp \
--http-fastcgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/fastcgi_temp \
--http-uwsgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/uwsgi_temp \
--http-scgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/scgi_temp \
--user=nginx \
--group=nginx \
--with-compat \
--with-file-aio \
--with-threads \
--with-http_addition_module \
--with-http_auth_request_module \
--with-http_dav_module \
--with-http_flv_module \
--with-http_gunzip_module \
--with-http_gzip_static_module \
--with-http_mp4_module \
--with-http_random_index_module \
--with-http_realip_module \
--with-http_secure_link_module \
--with-http_slice_module \
--with-http_ssl_module \
--with-http_stub_status_module \
--with-http_sub_module \
--with-http_v2_module \
--with-mail \
--with-mail_ssl_module \
--with-stream \
--with-stream_realip_module \
--with-stream_ssl_module \
--with-stream_ssl_preread_module \
--with-cc-opt='-O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector-strong --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -grecord-gcc-switches -m64 -mtune=generic -fPIC' \
--with-ld-opt='-Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now -pie'
#弹出来缺什么就安装它的开发包（devel）

93015fdb39d8440b981abfa6a807aa9f.png

（4）安装好上面需要的包，继续执行第一步

[root@localhost nginx-1.22.0]# yum install -y pcre-devel 
[root@localhost nginx-1.22.0]# ./configure \
--prefix=/etc/nginx \
--sbin-path=/usr/sbin/nginx \
--modules-path=/usr/lib64/nginx/modules \
--conf-path=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf \
--error-log-path=/var/log/nginx/error.log \
--http-log-path=/var/log/nginx/access.log \
--pid-path=/var/run/nginx.pid \
--lock-path=/var/run/nginx.lock \
--http-client-body-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/client_temp \
--http-proxy-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/proxy_temp \
--http-fastcgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/fastcgi_temp \
--http-uwsgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/uwsgi_temp \
--http-scgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/scgi_temp \
--user=nginx \
--group=nginx \
--with-compat \
--with-file-aio \
--with-threads \
--with-http_addition_module \
--with-http_auth_request_module \
--with-http_dav_module \
--with-http_flv_module \
--with-http_gunzip_module \
--with-http_gzip_static_module \
--with-http_mp4_module \
--with-http_random_index_module \
--with-http_realip_module \
--with-http_secure_link_module \
--with-http_slice_module \
--with-http_ssl_module \
--with-http_stub_status_module \
--with-http_sub_module \
--with-http_v2_module \
--with-mail \
--with-mail_ssl_module \
--with-stream \
--with-stream_realip_module \
--with-stream_ssl_module \
--with-stream_ssl_preread_module \
--with-cc-opt='-O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector-strong --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -grecord-gcc-switches -m64 -mtune=generic -fPIC' \
--with-ld-opt='-Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now -pie'

2cd0de2e077e44aa8a55ec6fa3462fdc.png

[root@localhost nginx-1.22.0]# yum install -y openssl-devel
[root@localhost nginx-1.22.0]# ./configure \
--prefix=/etc/nginx \
--sbin-path=/usr/sbin/nginx \
--modules-path=/usr/lib64/nginx/modules \
--conf-path=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf \
--error-log-path=/var/log/nginx/error.log \
--http-log-path=/var/log/nginx/access.log \
--pid-path=/var/run/nginx.pid \
--lock-path=/var/run/nginx.lock \
--http-client-body-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/client_temp \
--http-proxy-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/proxy_temp \
--http-fastcgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/fastcgi_temp \
--http-uwsgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/uwsgi_temp \
--http-scgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/scgi_temp \
--user=nginx \
--group=nginx \
--with-compat \
--with-file-aio \
--with-threads \
--with-http_addition_module \
--with-http_auth_request_module \
--with-http_dav_module \
--with-http_flv_module \
--with-http_gunzip_module \
--with-http_gzip_static_module \
--with-http_mp4_module \
--with-http_random_index_module \
--with-http_realip_module \
--with-http_secure_link_module \
--with-http_slice_module \
--with-http_ssl_module \
--with-http_stub_status_module \
--with-http_sub_module \
--with-http_v2_module \
--with-mail \
--with-mail_ssl_module \
--with-stream \
--with-stream_realip_module \
--with-stream_ssl_module \
--with-stream_ssl_preread_module \
--with-cc-opt='-O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector-strong --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -grecord-gcc-switches -m64 -mtune=generic -fPIC' \
--with-ld-opt='-Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now -pie'

（5）一直到这步，configure文件就执行好了

8986a14f2f354d3cae4ddf204150afbb.png

（6）make，make install编译安装

[root@localhost nginx-1.22.0]# make 
[root@localhost nginx-1.22.0]# make install
[root@localhost nginx-1.22.0]# nginx -V
nginx version: nginx/1.22.0
built by gcc 4.8.5 20150623 (Red Hat 4.8.5-44) (GCC) 
built with OpenSSL 1.0.2k-fips  26 Jan 2017
TLS SNI support enabled
configure arguments: --prefix=/etc/nginx --sbin-path=/usr/sbin/nginx --modules-path=/usr/lib64/nginx/modules --conf-path=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf --error-log-path=/var/log/nginx/error.log --http-log-path=/var/log/nginx/access.log --pid-path=/var/run/nginx.pid --lock-path=/var/run/nginx.lock --http-client-body-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/client_temp --http-proxy-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/proxy_temp --http-fastcgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/fastcgi_temp --http-uwsgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/uwsgi_temp --http-scgi-temp-path=/var/cache/nginx/scgi_temp --user=nginx --group=nginx --with-compat --with-file-aio --with-threads --with-http_addition_module --with-http_auth_request_module --with-http_dav_module --with-http_flv_module --with-http_gunzip_module --with-http_gzip_static_module --with-http_mp4_module --with-http_random_index_module --with-http_realip_module --with-http_secure_link_module --with-http_slice_module --with-http_ssl_module --with-http_stub_status_module --with-http_sub_module --with-http_v2_module --with-mail --with-mail_ssl_module --with-stream --with-stream_realip_module --with-stream_ssl_module --with-stream_ssl_preread_module --with-cc-opt='-O2 -g -pipe -Wall -Wp,-D_FORTIFY_SOURCE=2 -fexceptions -fstack-protector-strong --param=ssp-buffer-size=4 -grecord-gcc-switches -m64 -mtune=generic -fPIC' --with-ld-opt='-Wl,-z,relro -Wl,-z,now -pie'

安装完成

三.nginx部分目录结构

1.conf目录

[root@localhost nginx-1.22.0]# ll
total 804
drwxr-xr-x 6 1001 1001    326 Aug  9 19:25 auto
-rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 317070 May 24  2022 CHANGES
-rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001 484445 May 24  2022 CHANGES.ru
drwxr-xr-x 2 1001 1001    168 Aug  9 20:30 conf
-rwxr-xr-x 1 1001 1001   2590 May 24  2022 configure
drwxr-xr-x 4 1001 1001     72 Aug  9 19:25 contrib
drwxr-xr-x 2 1001 1001     40 Aug  9 19:25 html   # Nginx 的默认站点目录
-rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001   1397 May 24  2022 LICENSE
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root    387 Aug  9 19:49 Makefile
drwxr-xr-x 2 1001 1001     21 Aug  9 19:25 man
drwxr-xr-x 3 root root    174 Aug  9 20:26 objs
-rw-r--r-- 1 1001 1001     49 May 24  2022 README
drwxr-xr-x 9 1001 1001     91 Aug  9 19:25 src

[root@localhost nginx-1.22.0]# pwd
/usr/local/src/nginx-1.22.0

[root@localhost nginx-1.22.0]# tree conf
conf
├── fastcgi.conf   # fastcgi 相关参数的配置文件
├── fastcgi_params   # fastcgi 的参数文件
├── koi-utf
├── koi-win
├── mime.types   # 媒体类型
├── nginx.conf    # Nginx默认的主配置文件
├── scgi_params
├── uwsgi_params
└── win-utf

0 directories, 9 files

2.html目录

[root@localhost nginx-1.22.0]# tree html
html
├── 50x.html   # 错误页面替代显示文件，出现错误时调用这个页面
└── index.html   # 默认的首页文件， 在实际环境中，一般用index.html、 index.php或index.jsp来做

四.nginx配置文件说明

[root@localhost ~]# vim /etc/nginx/nginx.conf #rpm包在这个文件，源码安装的配置文件是/usr/local/src/nginx-1.22.0/conf/nginx.conf 
user  nginx;     #用户
worker_processes  auto;    #主模块命令，指定bnginx要开启的进程数，一般指定一个，如果cpu多多和，则和cpu数量一致即可

error_log  /var/log/nginx/error.log notice;   #主模块命令，全局错误日志，debug（最详细），info，notice，warn，error，crit（最简略）
pid        /var/run/nginx.pid;  #主模块命令，指定进程id的存储文件位置

#events指定设定nginx的工作模式和连接上限
events { 
    #use 模式      （事件模块指令，放在events中指定nginx的工作模式，select-标准工作模式，poll-标准工作模式，kqueue-BDS系统高效工作模式，epoll-Linux平台首选高效工作模式，rtsig，/dev/poll）
    worker_connections  1024;   #事件模块指令，定义每个进程的最大连接数，默认1024，max_client客户端连接数=worker_processes*worker_connections，max_clients=worker_processes*worker_connections/4，当然这些设置也受文件系统打开数量限制，执行名“ulimit -n 65535”后生效
}

#http服务配置
http {
    include       /etc/nginx/mime.types;    #include主模块命令，include配置文件
    default_type  application/octet-stream;  #http核心模块指令，octet-stream默认二进制流

    log_format  main  '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] "$request" '
                      '$status $body_bytes_sent "$http_referer" '
                      '"$http_user_agent" "$http_x_forwarded_for"';

    access_log  /var/log/nginx/access.log  main;

    sendfile        on;   #高效传输模式
    #tcp_nopush     on;

    keepalive_timeout  65;   #超时时间
    server {                    #server 区块
        listen 80;          #端口
    server_name localhost;      #域名
    location / {               #location区块，可以写多个
        root html;           #站点目录，路径不定，按我的源码安装方式那就在/usr/local/src/nginx-1.22.0/html
        index index.html index.htm;     #首页文件
        } 
    error_page 500 502 503 504 /50x.html;        #错误信息配置
    location = /50x.html {         #html文件位置
        root html;          #路径
        }
    }
    #gzip  on;  #是否开启压缩
include /etc/nginx/conf.d/*.conf;
}

五.配置nginx的service管理

1.切换到service配置目录

[root@localhost ~]# cd /usr/lib/systemd/system/
[root@localhost system]# whereis nginx
nginx: /usr/sbin/nginx /etc/nginx                #查找出来的路径稍后会用到

2.编辑nginx.service文件

[root@localhost system]# vim nginx.service 
[Unit]
Description=nginx - high performance web server
Documentation=http://nginx.org/en/docs/
After=network.target remote-fs.target nss-lookup.target
[Service]
Type=forking
PIDFile=/run/nginx.pid
ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/nginx -t -c /usr/local/src/nginx-1.22.0/conf/nginx.conf
#指定你刚才查到的目录和你的nginx配置文件
ExecStart=/usr/sbin/nginx -c /usr/local/src/nginx-1.22.0/conf/nginx.conf
#同上
ExecReload=/bin/kill -s HUP $MAINPID
ExecStop=/bin/kill -s QUIT $MAINPID
PrivateTmp=true
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl daemon-reload   #重载配置

3.创建nginx用户

[root@localhost nginx-1.22.0]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin nginx

4.启动测试

（1）我的开始报了这两个问题

nginx: [emerg] getpwnam("nginx") failed（第三步没做或没成功就会报没有nginx，重新执行即可）

解决：

[root@localhost conf]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin nginx

nginx: [emerg] mkdir() "/var/cache/nginx/client_temp" failed (2: No such file or directory)（没有这个目录）

解决：

[root@localhost nginx-1.22.0]# mkdir /var/cache/nginx/client_temp -pv
mkdir: created directory ‘/var/cache/nginx’
mkdir: created directory ‘/var/cache/nginx/client_temp’

d4776c7f7f124204906bca12a9fb4583.png

（2）开启/关闭

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl start nginx
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status nginx
● nginx.service - nginx - high performance web server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Thu 2023-08-10 10:58:35 CST; 4min 2s ago
     Docs: http://nginx.org/en/docs/
  Process: 51071 ExecStop=/bin/kill -s QUIT $MAINPID (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 51079 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/nginx -c /usr/local/src/nginx-1.22.0/conf/nginx.conf (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 51076 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/nginx -t -c /usr/local/src/nginx-1.22.0/conf/nginx.conf (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 51080 (nginx)
   CGroup: /system.slice/nginx.service
           ├─51080 nginx: master process /usr/sbin/nginx -c /usr/local/src/nginx-1.22.0/c...
           └─51081 nginx: worker process

Aug 10 10:58:35 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting nginx - high performance web.....
Aug 10 10:58:35 localhost.localdomain nginx[51076]: nginx: the configuration file /usr/l...k
Aug 10 10:58:35 localhost.localdomain nginx[51076]: nginx: configuration file /usr/local...l
Aug 10 10:58:35 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started nginx - high performance web ...r.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl stop nginx
[root@localhost ~]# systemctl status nginx
● nginx.service - nginx - high performance web server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/nginx.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: inactive (dead)
     Docs: http://nginx.org/en/docs/

Aug 10 10:54:04 localhost.localdomain nginx[50815]: nginx: configuration file /usr/local...l
Aug 10 10:54:04 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started nginx - high performance web ...r.
Aug 10 10:58:35 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopping nginx - high performance web.....
Aug 10 10:58:35 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopped nginx - high performance web ...r.
Aug 10 10:58:35 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Starting nginx - high performance web.....
Aug 10 10:58:35 localhost.localdomain nginx[51076]: nginx: the configuration file /usr/l...k
Aug 10 10:58:35 localhost.localdomain nginx[51076]: nginx: configuration file /usr/local...l
Aug 10 10:58:35 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Started nginx - high performance web ...r.
Aug 10 11:02:42 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopping nginx - high performance web.....
Aug 10 11:02:42 localhost.localdomain systemd[1]: Stopped nginx - high performance web ...r.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.

（3）测试页面

将nginx.conf此处改为绝对路径

[root@localhost nginx-1.22.0]# echo nihao > html/index.html
[root@localhost nginx-1.22.0]# curl localhost
nihao
标签： nginx 运维 Linux
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